{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7148879590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3680684","title":"The Role of Cognitive Load and Engagement in Students' Adoption of an AI-supported VR Training System","display_name":"The Role of Cognitive Load and Engagement in Students' Adoption of an AI-supported VR Training System","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7148879590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3680684","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41931418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2026.3680684","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3680684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091922622","display_name":"Jhon Alexander Bueno-Vesga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7903-5921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jhon Alexander Bueno-Vesga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7903-5921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132849359","display_name":"Xinhao Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinhao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4981-4641","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132866699","display_name":"Yuanyuan Gu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5071-6265","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132878531","display_name":"Hao He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93131583","display_name":"Emporia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6r1478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93131583"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emporia University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5385-8022","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emporia University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93131583"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021065685","display_name":"Shangman Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2487-9403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shangman Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2487-9403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001175559","display_name":"Yupei Duan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yupei Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8268-8107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.3239,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97669314,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"5","first_page":"4617","last_page":"4625"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.21950000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.21950000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.11089999973773956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.03959999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.6395000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5877000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5504999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5131000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4307999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-systems","display_name":"Cognitive systems","score":0.40119999647140503}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6491000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.6395000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5877000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5504999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5131000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.47450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4307999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986342778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Cognitive systems","level":3,"score":0.40119999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776857766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832987","display_name":"Training system","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779602242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498506","display_name":"Cognitive training","level":3,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.27230000495910645}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098403","descriptor_name":"Intelligent Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098403","descriptor_name":"Intelligent Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001292","descriptor_name":"Attitude to Computers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001292","descriptor_name":"Attitude to Computers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013338","descriptor_name":"Students, Nursing","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013338","descriptor_name":"Students, Nursing","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013338","descriptor_name":"Students, Nursing","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013338","descriptor_name":"Students, Nursing","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015146","descriptor_name":"Midwestern United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015146","descriptor_name":"Midwestern United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2026.3680684","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3680684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41931418","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41931418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,20,79,109],"Technology":[1],"Acceptance":[2],"Model":[3],"(TAM)":[4],"has":[5],"been":[6],"used":[7],"extensively":[8],"to":[9,58,100],"understand":[10,101],"technology":[11],"adoption":[12],"in":[13,90],"the":[14,40,53,56,91,102,106,128,156],"context":[15],"of":[16,29,42,48,76,84,120,127,130],"virtual":[17],"reality":[18],"(VR).":[19],"model":[21],"includes":[22],"external":[23],"variables":[24],"that":[25,113,139],"are":[26,117,124],"important":[27],"drivers":[28],"attitudes":[30,54],"towards":[31],"adopting":[32],"technology.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"mixed-methods":[36],"study,":[37],"we":[38],"assessed":[39],"effects":[41],"cognitive":[43,49],"engagement":[44,114,133,153],"and":[45,73,115,122,132,160],"individual":[46],"dimensions":[47,129],"load":[50],"(CL)":[51],"on":[52],"driving":[55],"intention":[57],"use":[59,77],"an":[60],"AI-supported":[61],"VR":[62],"system":[63],"for":[64,162],"nursing":[65,85],"students'":[66],"patient":[67],"management":[68],"training:":[69],"perceived":[70,74],"usefulness":[71],"(PU)":[72],"ease":[75],"(PEOU).":[78],"participants":[80],"were":[81],"a":[82,88,146],"group":[83],"students":[86],"from":[87],"university":[89],"Midwestern":[92],"United":[93],"States.":[94],"We":[95],"also":[96],"explored":[97],"interview":[98],"data":[99,137],"participants'":[103,140],"perceptions":[104],"about":[105],"resulting":[107],"factors.":[108],"quantitative":[110],"results":[111],"showed":[112],"PEOU":[116],"significant":[118],"predictors":[119],"PU,":[121],"so":[123],"frustration":[125],"(one":[126],"CL)":[131],"with":[134],"PEOU.":[135],"Interview":[136],"revealed":[138],"frustrations":[141],"did":[142],"not":[143],"always":[144],"have":[145],"negative":[147],"effect.":[148],"They":[149],"generally":[150],"enhanced":[151],"their":[152],"by":[154],"making":[155],"scenarios":[157],"feel":[158],"realistic":[159],"valuable":[161],"skill":[163],"development.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2026-04-04T00:00:00"}