{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143354926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3679110","title":"Deep-Saliency Foveated Ray Tracing For Real-time VR Rendering","display_name":"Deep-Saliency Foveated Ray Tracing For Real-time VR Rendering","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7143354926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3679110","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41911113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2026.3679110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3679110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130921817","display_name":"Yang Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9149-3554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059034021","display_name":"W. D. Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wencan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8557-1105","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5131003187","display_name":"Shiyu Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyu Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7978-2249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130943091","display_name":"Weizichuan Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weizichuan Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130989150","display_name":"Qing Xia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130969393","display_name":"Shuai Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4182-1588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130924245","display_name":"Aimin Hao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aimin Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5774-6706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3617945,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"5","first_page":"3475","last_page":"3485"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.7110999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.7110999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.04320000112056732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.031199999153614044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.676800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.5853999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-based-modeling-and-rendering","display_name":"Image-based modeling and rendering","score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-rendering","display_name":"3D rendering","score":0.42890000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ray-tracing","display_name":"Distributed ray tracing","score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.390500009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7789000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.7347999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.676800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.637499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.5853999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44185422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002064","display_name":"Image-based modeling and rendering","level":3,"score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36816356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16911860","display_name":"3D rendering","level":3,"score":0.42890000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82744980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q951513","display_name":"Distributed ray tracing","level":3,"score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116921373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2816483","display_name":"Real-time rendering","level":3,"score":0.3709000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30769735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165951","display_name":"Volume rendering","level":3,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108882727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991685","display_name":"Solid modeling","level":2,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124692087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876194","display_name":"Beam tracing","level":4,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77660652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150971","display_name":"Computer graphics","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186772499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7135017","display_name":"Parallel rendering","level":3,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2026.3679110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3679110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41911113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41911113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.6207138895988464}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4880826994","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4252018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8519059759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62572032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Immersive":[0],"VR":[1],"applications":[2],"demand":[3],"high":[4],"resolutions":[5],"and":[6,76,104],"refresh":[7],"rates,":[8],"posing":[9],"significant":[10],"challenges":[11],"for":[12],"real-time":[13,127],"rendering.":[14],"Foveated":[15],"rendering":[16,109],"mitigates":[17],"this":[18,50],"cost":[19],"by":[20],"exploiting":[21],"properties":[22],"of":[23,98],"the":[24],"Human":[25],"Visual":[26],"System":[27],"(HVS),":[28],"but":[29],"conventional":[30],"approaches":[31],"often":[32],"rely":[33],"on":[34],"oversimplified":[35],"heuristic":[36],"models":[37],"that":[38,61,87,116],"neglect":[39],"high-level":[40],"attentional":[41,90],"cues,":[42],"resulting":[43],"in":[44,46],"artifacts":[45],"peripheral":[47],"regions.":[48],"To":[49],"end,":[51],"we":[52],"present":[53],"a":[54,68,78],"neural":[55,81],"saliency-driven":[56],"foveated":[57],"ray":[58],"tracing":[59,103],"framework":[60],"overcomes":[62],"these":[63,99],"limitations.":[64],"Our":[65],"method":[66],"introduces":[67],"motion-aware":[69],"foveation":[70],"model":[71],"to":[72,83],"capture":[73],"temporal":[74],"dynamics":[75],"employs":[77],"lightweight":[79],"convolutional":[80],"network":[82],"predict":[84],"saliency":[85],"maps":[86],"reflect":[88],"complex":[89],"patterns":[91],"derived":[92],"from":[93],"eye-gaze":[94],"data.":[95],"The":[96],"combination":[97],"guides":[100],"adaptive":[101],"path":[102],"filtering,":[105],"enabling":[106],"perceptually":[107],"optimized":[108],"with":[110],"minimal":[111],"artifacts.":[112],"Experimental":[113],"results":[114],"show":[115],"our":[117],"approach":[118],"improves":[119],"perceptual":[120],"quality":[121],"over":[122],"prior":[123],"methods":[124],"while":[125],"sustaining":[126],"performance.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-20T06:11:20.791850","created_date":"2026-03-31T00:00:00"}