{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147226100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3679098","title":"GenerativeSurface: GenAI-Assisted Semantic Scaffolding for 3D Conceptual Design in Mixed Reality","display_name":"GenerativeSurface: GenAI-Assisted Semantic Scaffolding for 3D Conceptual Design in Mixed Reality","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147226100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3679098","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41915484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2026.3679098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3679098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048547477","display_name":"Yu Chai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6085-4321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yichen Chai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079711331","display_name":"Qianyuan Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2568-1925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianyuan Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132609443","display_name":"Zihang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132547212","display_name":"Yi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128064151","display_name":"Henry Been-Lirn Duh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry Been-Lirn Duh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4808-6109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41661733,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"5","first_page":"4514","last_page":"4524"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.5357000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.5357000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.09619999676942825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.04089999943971634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.8654000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-design","display_name":"Generative Design","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.5788999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-reality","display_name":"Mixed reality","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.4207000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-model","display_name":"Conceptual model","score":0.41819998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-design","display_name":"Conceptual design","score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaffold","display_name":"Scaffold","score":0.39500001072883606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.8654000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8192999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184408114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502022","display_name":"Generative Design","level":3,"score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6014000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5788999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206776904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758389","display_name":"Mixed reality","level":3,"score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4207000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.41819998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120208923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158435","display_name":"Conceptual design","level":2,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89429830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735710","display_name":"Scaffold","level":2,"score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.3562000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606712","display_name":"Transition (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162763945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825467","display_name":"Conceptual architecture","level":3,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108882727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991685","display_name":"Solid modeling","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142778471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200670","display_name":"Design thinking","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777897806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568742","display_name":"3D modeling","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2026.3679098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3679098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41915484","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41915484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3061495617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P0046226","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","funder_display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3433834528","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P0046486","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","funder_display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5405414974","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P0042736","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","funder_display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6919827792","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P0046516","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","funder_display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"transition":[1],"from":[2],"conceptual":[3,102],"sketch":[4,106],"to":[5,50],"3D":[6,21,57,63,105],"model":[7],"poses":[8],"a":[9,76],"major":[10],"challenge":[11],"in":[12,41,62,108],"engineering":[13],"design.":[14],"While":[15],"Mixed":[16],"Reality":[17],"(MR)":[18],"enables":[19],"direct":[20],"creation,":[22],"designers":[23,61],"face":[24],"two":[25],"key":[26],"challenges:":[27],"the":[28,37,72,98],"Initiation":[29],"Challenge":[30,39],"(lack":[31],"of":[32],"meaningful":[33],"starting":[34],"points)":[35],"and":[36,88,104],"Expression":[38],"(difficulty":[40],"precise":[42],"mid-air":[43,90],"sketching).":[44],"We":[45],"introduce":[46],"GenerativeSurface,":[47],"leveraging":[48],"AI":[49],"translate":[51],"natural":[52],"language":[53],"descriptions":[54],"into":[55,75],"interactive":[56],"surfaces":[58],"that":[59,93],"aid":[60],"sketching,":[64],"simultaneously":[65],"addressing":[66],"both":[67],"challenges.":[68],"Our":[69],"system":[70],"transforms":[71],"design":[73],"workflow":[74],"fluid":[77],"\"describe,":[78],"generate,":[79],"sketch,":[80],"iterate\"":[81],"cycle.":[82],"Comparative":[83],"evaluation":[84],"against":[85],"primitive":[86],"scaffolding":[87],"freehand":[89],"sketching":[91],"demonstrates":[92],"our":[94],"approach":[95],"effectively":[96],"bridges":[97],"gap":[99],"between":[100],"designers'":[101],"intent":[103],"expression":[107],"immersive":[109],"environments.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}
