{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140170572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3677013","title":"Perceiving Weight in Augmented Reality Using a Wearable Device With Minimal Haptic Feedback","display_name":"Perceiving Weight in Augmented Reality Using a Wearable Device With Minimal Haptic Feedback","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140170572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3677013","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41874985"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2026.3677013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3677013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3677013","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tiange Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5270-7073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiange Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics and Autonomous Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5270-7073","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Alexandra Watkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5686-8296"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandra Watkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics and Autonomous Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5686-8296","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nilanjan Sarkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3969-0593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nilanjan Sarkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics and Autonomous Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3969-0593","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34991741,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"7","first_page":"6046","last_page":"6058"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.4072999954223633,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.4072999954223633,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.12219999730587006,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.12070000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-technology","display_name":"Haptic technology","score":0.894599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.7226999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immersion","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","score":0.6811000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinesthetic-learning","display_name":"Kinesthetic learning","score":0.670799970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6342999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.5795000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-image","display_name":"Virtual image","score":0.5462999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensation","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","score":0.47940000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grasp","display_name":"GRASP","score":0.4618000090122223}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152086174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Haptic technology","level":2,"score":0.894599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7657999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.7275000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.7226999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199068039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574523","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6811000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55457006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3647098","display_name":"Kinesthetic learning","level":2,"score":0.670799970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6342999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5795000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51970089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44415","display_name":"Virtual image","level":2,"score":0.5462999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47940000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.4618000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.42559999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.37549999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201025465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11248500","display_name":"User experience design","level":2,"score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134202134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157399","display_name":"Computer-mediated reality","level":4,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95743889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7935160","display_name":"Virtual representation","level":2,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206776904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758389","display_name":"Mixed reality","level":3,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8651855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356133","display_name":"Sensory substitution","level":3,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776977519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636326","display_name":"3D interaction","level":3,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121449826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864114","display_name":"Input device","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000067190","descriptor_name":"Exoskeleton Device","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081411","descriptor_name":"Augmented Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000089922","descriptor_name":"Haptic Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014892","descriptor_name":"Weight Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056228","descriptor_name":"Feedback, Sensory","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2026.3677013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3677013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41874985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41874985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2026.3677013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3677013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7534823199","display_name":"SCC-IRG Track 1 Reducing Loneliness for Long Term Care Older Adults through Collaborative Augmented Reality","funder_award_id":"2225890","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"at":[1],"first":[2],"glance":[3],"one":[4],"might":[5],"assume":[6],"haptic":[7,260],"devices":[8,261],"for":[9,69,258],"Virtual":[10],"Reality":[11,20],"(VR)":[12],"would":[13],"directly":[14],"translate":[15],"to":[16,38,53,107,160,167],"use":[17],"in":[18,24,165,211,223,228],"Augmented":[19],"(AR),":[21],"key":[22],"differences":[23],"how":[25],"users":[26,37],"interact":[27,43],"with":[28,44,79,92,115,141,149,178,183],"these":[29],"environments":[30],"create":[31],"distinct":[32],"design":[33,106,131,256],"constraints.":[34],"AR":[35,117],"allows":[36],"see":[39],"their":[40,61],"surroundings":[41],"and":[42,47,89,132,136,182,201,209,244],"both":[45,179],"physical":[46,62,93],"virtual":[48,51,158],"elements,":[49],"requiring":[50],"objects":[52],"convey":[54],"the":[55,70,86,130,184,192,202,205,217,245],"same":[56],"sense":[57],"of":[58,74,134,186,204,232,250],"weight":[59,166,185],"as":[60,83,163],"counterparts.":[63],"However,":[64],"force":[65,150,175,219,237],"feedback":[66,105,153,194,220,253],"solutions":[67],"developed":[68],"more":[71,121],"mature":[72],"field":[73],"VR":[75],"are":[76],"not":[77],"compatible":[78],"this":[80,174],"blended":[81],"environment":[82],"they":[84],"occlude":[85],"user's":[87],"hand":[88],"prevent":[90],"interaction":[91],"objects.":[94],"We":[95,128,146,171,189],"present":[96,129,191],"a":[97,103,120,142,157,236],"novel":[98],"exoskeleton,":[99],"Wriality,":[100],"that":[101,173,216],"utilizes":[102],"minimal":[104,218],"render":[108],"weight-related":[109],"forces":[110],"while":[111],"maintaining":[112],"natural":[113],"engagement":[114],"an":[116,187],"environment,":[118],"providing":[119,229],"immersive":[122],"experience":[123],"than":[124],"current":[125],"state-of-the-art":[126],"solutions.":[127],"characterization":[133],"Wriality":[135,224],"then":[137,190],"validate":[138],"its":[139,168],"effectiveness":[140],"human":[143],"subject":[144],"experiment.":[145],"show":[147,172,215],"that,":[148],"compensation,":[151],"kinesthetic":[152],"alone":[154],"can":[155],"allow":[156],"object":[159],"be":[161],"perceived":[162],"equal":[164],"real":[169],"twin.":[170],"compensation":[176,238],"varies":[177],"grip":[180,243],"method":[181],"object.":[188],"subjective":[193],"on":[195,207,241],"user":[196,252],"experience,":[197],"specifically":[198],"comfort":[199],"level,":[200],"effects":[203],"device":[206],"realism":[208],"immersiveness":[210],"AR.":[212,263],"Our":[213],"findings":[214],"approach":[221],"exemplified":[222],"is":[225],"still":[226],"effective":[227],"high":[230],"levels":[231],"immersion":[233],"by":[234],"incorporating":[235],"scheme":[239],"based":[240],"intended":[242],"object's":[246],"weight.":[247],"The":[248],"results":[249],"our":[251],"also":[254],"inform":[255],"considerations":[257],"future":[259],"targeting":[262]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2026-03-25T00:00:00"}