{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416798302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3638450","title":"PFF-Net: Patch Feature Fitting for Point Cloud Normal Estimation","display_name":"PFF-Net: Patch Feature Fitting for Point Cloud Normal Estimation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416798302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3638450","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41313704"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3638450","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3638450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8371-4319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039949283","display_name":"Huifang Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6874-698X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102345215","display_name":"Xihua University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gwtvf26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huifang Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Software Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Software Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001883727","display_name":"Kanle Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5865-6078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726859","display_name":"Kuaishou (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0258as409","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kanle Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kuaishou Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kuaishou Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yue Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4971-590X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108148592","display_name":"Yi Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-3883"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111964930","display_name":"Yu-Shen Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Shen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068597652","display_name":"Zhizhong Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-9973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhizhong Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA","Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37381005,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"2","first_page":"1713","last_page":"1728"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9347000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9347000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.007799999788403511,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.00559999980032444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6952999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.631600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5659000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5249000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.38260000944137573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6952999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.631600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5659000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5249000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4912000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101814296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5439685","display_name":"Feature model","level":3,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21080849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13611879","display_name":"Data point","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126422989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93586","display_name":"Feature detection (computer vision)","level":4,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118732077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273176","display_name":"Normal","level":3,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3638450","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3638450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41313704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41313704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1977040805","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6995125781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2682025CX109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972949070","https://openalex.org/W1986465719","https://openalex.org/W1987113397","https://openalex.org/W1988317275","https://openalex.org/W1992642990","https://openalex.org/W2004402003","https://openalex.org/W2012876210","https://openalex.org/W2015399478","https://openalex.org/W2029041800","https://openalex.org/W2050744010","https://openalex.org/W2052790699","https://openalex.org/W2073700113","https://openalex.org/W2084595284","https://openalex.org/W2100816864","https://openalex.org/W2112477742","https://openalex.org/W2122585444","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2160643963","https://openalex.org/W2169611956","https://openalex.org/W2179295257","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2199460564","https://openalex.org/W2563685048","https://openalex.org/W2734351971","https://openalex.org/W2758463634","https://openalex.org/W2766448241","https://openalex.org/W2799893270","https://openalex.org/W2805499196","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963515086","https://openalex.org/W2963706542","https://openalex.org/W2979750740","https://openalex.org/W2985088149","https://openalex.org/W3022095505","https://openalex.org/W3035542908","https://openalex.org/W3045414484","https://openalex.org/W3091189374","https://openalex.org/W3101395346","https://openalex.org/W3126922312","https://openalex.org/W3137369665","https://openalex.org/W3146210588","https://openalex.org/W3158845623","https://openalex.org/W3187580431","https://openalex.org/W3199435047","https://openalex.org/W4210368713","https://openalex.org/W4214755140","https://openalex.org/W4229976114","https://openalex.org/W4312578244","https://openalex.org/W4312612965","https://openalex.org/W4362496432","https://openalex.org/W4367043726","https://openalex.org/W4382465742","https://openalex.org/W4383220231","https://openalex.org/W4385276656","https://openalex.org/W4386065418","https://openalex.org/W4386072280","https://openalex.org/W4387968102","https://openalex.org/W4389539473","https://openalex.org/W4393153732","https://openalex.org/W4400810789"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Estimating":[0],"the":[1,17,44,82,93,120,129,146,153,156,160,168,174,179,197,221,227,239],"normal":[2,75,125],"of":[3,70,77,84,95,149,155,199,204,223,233],"a":[4,8,39,67,109,183],"point":[5,60,78],"requires":[6],"constructing":[7],"local":[9,235],"patch":[10,98,110,147,157,161,213],"to":[11,37,91,107,118,152,176,229],"provide":[12],"center-surrounding":[13],"context,":[14],"but":[15,186],"determining":[16],"appropriate":[18],"neighborhood":[19,89],"size":[20,162],"is":[21],"difficult":[22],"when":[23],"dealing":[24],"with":[25,258],"different":[26,88,150,212],"data":[27,102],"or":[28,103],"geometries.":[29,104,191],"Existing":[30],"methods":[31],"commonly":[32],"employ":[33],"various":[34,59,101],"parameter-heavy":[35],"strategies":[36],"extract":[38],"full":[40],"feature":[41,71,111,134,138,141,193,241],"description":[42,123],"from":[43,87,167,201],"input":[45],"patch.":[46],"However,":[47],"they":[48],"still":[49],"have":[50],"difficulties":[51],"in":[52,182,211],"accurately":[53],"and":[54,127,136,158,207,237,255,262],"efficiently":[55],"predicting":[56],"normals":[57],"for":[58,73,100,124],"clouds.":[61,79],"In":[62],"this":[63],"work,":[64],"we":[65],"present":[66],"new":[68],"idea":[69],"extraction":[72],"robust":[74],"estimation":[76,126],"We":[80,105],"use":[81],"fusion":[83],"multi-scale":[85,116,133],"features":[86,117,148,200,222],"sizes":[90,99],"address":[92],"issue":[94],"selecting":[96],"reasonable":[97],"seek":[106],"model":[108,228],"fitting":[112],"(PFF)":[113],"based":[114,218],"on":[115,219,252],"approximate":[119],"optimal":[121,240],"geometric":[122],"implement":[128],"approximation":[130,216],"process":[131],"via":[132],"aggregation":[135,142],"cross-scale":[137],"compensation.":[139],"The":[140,192],"module":[143,195],"progressively":[144],"aggregates":[145],"scales":[151,206,225],"center":[154],"shrinks":[159],"by":[163],"removing":[164],"points":[165],"far":[166],"center.":[169],"It":[170],"not":[171],"only":[172],"enables":[173,226],"network":[175,260],"precisely":[177],"capture":[178],"structure":[180],"characteristic":[181],"wide":[184],"range,":[185],"also":[187],"describes":[188],"highly":[189],"detailed":[190],"compensation":[194],"ensures":[196],"reusability":[198],"earlier":[202],"layers":[203],"large":[205],"reveals":[208],"associated":[209],"information":[210],"sizes.":[214],"Our":[215],"strategy":[217],"aggregating":[220],"multiple":[224],"achieve":[230],"scale":[231],"adaptation":[232],"varying":[234],"patches":[236],"deliver":[238],"description.":[242],"Extensive":[243],"experiments":[244],"demonstrate":[245],"that":[246],"our":[247],"method":[248],"achieves":[249],"state-of-the-art":[250],"performance":[251],"both":[253],"synthetic":[254],"real-world":[256],"datasets":[257],"fewer":[259],"parameters":[261],"running":[263],"time.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-11-28T00:00:00"}