{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416429355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3634807","title":"Characterizing Visualization Perception with Psychological Phenomena: Uncovering the Role of Subitizing in Data Visualization","display_name":"Characterizing Visualization Perception with Psychological Phenomena: Uncovering the Role of Subitizing in Data Visualization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416429355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3634807","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41264439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3634807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3634807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.17460","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100379697","display_name":"Arran Zeyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7491-7570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arran Zeyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7491-7570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032598257","display_name":"Ghulam Jilani Quadri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8054-5048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghulam Jilani Quadri","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA","University of Oklahoma and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8054-5048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oklahoma and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mengyuan Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2025-0755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengyuan Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2025-0755","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080359624","display_name":"Chin Tseng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2025-0755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chin Tseng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056903170","display_name":"Danielle Albers Szafir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3634-8597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danielle Albers Szafir","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3634-8597","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30762933,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"1","first_page":"1131","last_page":"1141"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12650","display_name":"Aesthetic Perception and Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.7745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.7447999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.5914999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-analytics","display_name":"Visual analytics","score":0.5796999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-visualization","display_name":"Information visualization","score":0.54339998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5188999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.4717999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.46860000491142273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7773000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.7745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.7447999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.5914999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59732488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2528440","display_name":"Visual analytics","level":3,"score":0.5796999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185578843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10609775","display_name":"Information visualization","level":3,"score":0.54339998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5188999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4717999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.46860000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4277999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4212000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777508537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936620","display_name":"Visual reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178253425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668","display_name":"Visual perception","level":3,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019022308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418353","display_name":"Multidimensional data","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14669888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4014850","display_name":"Creative visualization","level":3,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000066506","descriptor_name":"Heuristics","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000066506","descriptor_name":"Heuristics","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000078326","descriptor_name":"Data Visualization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000078326","descriptor_name":"Data Visualization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3634807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3634807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41264439","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41264439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2508.17460","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2508.17460","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.17460","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.17460","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2508.17460","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2508.17460","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.17460","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2071380605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS #2046725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4690910240","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS #2127309","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W884650706","https://openalex.org/W1934119235","https://openalex.org/W1949897911","https://openalex.org/W1972717260","https://openalex.org/W1974687238","https://openalex.org/W1974767305","https://openalex.org/W1987320483","https://openalex.org/W1993364310","https://openalex.org/W2004599511","https://openalex.org/W2004957512","https://openalex.org/W2017521531","https://openalex.org/W2026678302","https://openalex.org/W2034525980","https://openalex.org/W2043523210","https://openalex.org/W2057828920","https://openalex.org/W2091756462","https://openalex.org/W2108843124","https://openalex.org/W2112179747","https://openalex.org/W2118389905","https://openalex.org/W2144024567","https://openalex.org/W2144532499","https://openalex.org/W2144844764","https://openalex.org/W2145524985","https://openalex.org/W2156349886","https://openalex.org/W2157899060","https://openalex.org/W2159512130","https://openalex.org/W2167546751","https://openalex.org/W2180041965","https://openalex.org/W2300653232","https://openalex.org/W2325529966","https://openalex.org/W2333080640","https://openalex.org/W2416272719","https://openalex.org/W2478540127","https://openalex.org/W2511469011","https://openalex.org/W2529842378","https://openalex.org/W2592135470","https://openalex.org/W2605940686","https://openalex.org/W2610760451","https://openalex.org/W2751344272","https://openalex.org/W2752662042","https://openalex.org/W2753766497","https://openalex.org/W2788435232","https://openalex.org/W2795915595","https://openalex.org/W2809924942","https://openalex.org/W2815307792","https://openalex.org/W2837370974","https://openalex.org/W2852446814","https://openalex.org/W2857341988","https://openalex.org/W2893498922","https://openalex.org/W2942499426","https://openalex.org/W2942658839","https://openalex.org/W2960826148","https://openalex.org/W2969700220","https://openalex.org/W2969974087","https://openalex.org/W3048179832","https://openalex.org/W3092806605","https://openalex.org/W3093653605","https://openalex.org/W3185482315","https://openalex.org/W3190684581","https://openalex.org/W3195550723","https://openalex.org/W3215091201","https://openalex.org/W4200375399","https://openalex.org/W4239908238","https://openalex.org/W4244186592","https://openalex.org/W4244513086","https://openalex.org/W4304480495","https://openalex.org/W4361230615","https://openalex.org/W4379095643","https://openalex.org/W4388286168","https://openalex.org/W4388429267","https://openalex.org/W4391012965","https://openalex.org/W4392223457","https://openalex.org/W4399635823","https://openalex.org/W4402401841","https://openalex.org/W4402570537","https://openalex.org/W4402580345","https://openalex.org/W4407462005","https://openalex.org/W4409767185"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"how":[1,105],"people":[2,129],"perceive":[3],"visualizations":[4],"is":[5,125],"crucial":[6],"for":[7,47,181],"designing":[8],"effective":[9],"visual":[10],"data":[11,78],"representations;":[12],"however,":[13],"many":[14],"heuristic":[15,168],"design":[16,45,93],"guidelines":[17,35,169],"are":[18],"derived":[19],"from":[20],"specific":[21],"tasks":[22],"or":[23,30],"visualization":[24,49,189],"types,":[25],"without":[26,76],"considering":[27],"the":[28,57,60,109,122,151,154,165],"constraints":[29],"conditions":[31],"under":[32],"which":[33],"those":[34],"hold.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38],"work,":[39],"we":[40,55],"aimed":[41],"to":[42,67,131,187],"assess":[43],"existing":[44],"heuristics":[46],"categorical":[48],"using":[50,182],"well-established":[51,175],"psychological":[52,176,183],"knowledge.":[53],"Specifically,":[54],"examine":[56],"impact":[58],"of":[59,73,111,140,153],"subitizing":[61,141],"phenomenon":[62],"in":[63,142],"cognitive":[64],"psychology-people's":[65],"ability":[66],"automatically":[68],"recognize":[69],"a":[70],"small":[71],"set":[72,115],"objects":[74],"instantly":[75],"counting-in":[77],"visualizations.":[79],"We":[80],"conducted":[81],"three":[82,95],"experiments":[83],"with":[84,91,150],"multi-class":[85],"scatterplots-between":[86],"2":[87],"and":[88,101,160,170,185],"15":[89],"classes":[90,112],"varying":[92],"choices-across":[94],"different":[96],"tasks-class":[97],"estimation,":[98],"correlation":[99],"comparison,":[100],"clustering":[102],"judgments-to":[103],"understand":[104],"performance":[106,148,155],"changes":[107],"as":[108],"number":[110,124],"(and":[113],"therefore":[114],"size)":[116],"increases.":[117],"Our":[118,162],"results":[119],"indicate":[120],"if":[121],"category":[123,145],"smaller":[126],"than":[127],"six,":[128],"tend":[130],"perform":[132],"well":[133],"at":[134],"all":[135],"tasks,":[136],"providing":[137],"empirical":[138,171],"evidence":[139,172],"visualization.":[143],"When":[144],"numbers":[146],"increased,":[147],"fell,":[149],"magnitude":[152],"change":[156],"depending":[157],"on":[158],"task":[159],"encoding.":[161],"study":[163],"bridges":[164],"gap":[166],"between":[167],"by":[173],"applying":[174],"theories,":[177],"suggesting":[178],"future":[179],"opportunities":[180],"theories":[184],"constructs":[186],"characterize":[188],"perception.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T22:02:38.213706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
