{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416513316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3634632","title":"An Analysis of Text Functions in Information Visualization","display_name":"An Analysis of Text Functions in Information Visualization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416513316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3634632","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41269815"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3634632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3634632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084475345","display_name":"Chase Stokes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7644-9021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chase Stokes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7644-9021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087561934","display_name":"Anjana Arunkumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3513-8600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anjana Arunkumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3513-8600","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019933387","display_name":"Marti A. Hearst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4346-1603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marti A. Hearst","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4346-1603","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029417016","display_name":"Lace Padilla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9251-5279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lace Padilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9251-5279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084475345"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34677118,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"1","first_page":"769","last_page":"779"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12377","display_name":"Digital Humanities and Scholarship","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.679099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.5184000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-visualization","display_name":"Information visualization","score":0.508400022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authorship-attribution","display_name":"Authorship attribution","score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noisy-text-analytics","display_name":"Noisy text analytics","score":0.37299999594688416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8282999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.679099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.5184000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185578843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10609775","display_name":"Information visualization","level":3,"score":0.508400022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020202489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2032038","display_name":"Authorship attribution","level":2,"score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151375590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17147076","display_name":"Noisy text analytics","level":4,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66945725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18388823","display_name":"Text graph","level":3,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59732488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2528440","display_name":"Visual analytics","level":3,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779500292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14802672","display_name":"Text processing","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46503548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145976","display_name":"Plain text","level":3,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2474386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461183","display_name":"Text corpus","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14669888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4014850","display_name":"Creative visualization","level":3,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985684807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Text generation","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33276779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1943363","display_name":"Design elements and principles","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1370556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81009","display_name":"Rhetoric","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3634632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3634632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41269815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41269815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1681695349","https://openalex.org/W1736453158","https://openalex.org/W1952173784","https://openalex.org/W1994499687","https://openalex.org/W2054901814","https://openalex.org/W2073800769","https://openalex.org/W2107139603","https://openalex.org/W2138996324","https://openalex.org/W2157900633","https://openalex.org/W2160643014","https://openalex.org/W2584069265","https://openalex.org/W2589660030","https://openalex.org/W2596412070","https://openalex.org/W2611586694","https://openalex.org/W2785001927","https://openalex.org/W2795622273","https://openalex.org/W2888652842","https://openalex.org/W2940562782","https://openalex.org/W3028907449","https://openalex.org/W3033519999","https://openalex.org/W3118071155","https://openalex.org/W3121499663","https://openalex.org/W3139281922","https://openalex.org/W3139661953","https://openalex.org/W3145503734","https://openalex.org/W3202687543","https://openalex.org/W4200375399","https://openalex.org/W4237375617","https://openalex.org/W4242922102","https://openalex.org/W4247200431","https://openalex.org/W4256522398","https://openalex.org/W4285292339","https://openalex.org/W4291027066","https://openalex.org/W4296938090","https://openalex.org/W4297094534","https://openalex.org/W4297826314","https://openalex.org/W4297965116","https://openalex.org/W4319165451","https://openalex.org/W4382568035","https://openalex.org/W4387917684","https://openalex.org/W4388018862","https://openalex.org/W4389252523","https://openalex.org/W4389989038","https://openalex.org/W4392026410","https://openalex.org/W4396832678","https://openalex.org/W4399491762","https://openalex.org/W4402351084","https://openalex.org/W4402389404","https://openalex.org/W4402401986","https://openalex.org/W4404101740"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Text":[0],"is":[1],"an":[2,60],"integral":[3],"but":[4],"understudied":[5],"component":[6],"of":[7,62,121,145,180],"visualization":[8],"design.":[9],"Although":[10],"recent":[11],"studies":[12],"have":[13],"examined":[14],"how":[15,148],"text":[16,44,68,74,90,125,132,136,150,181],"elements":[17,151],"(e.g.,":[18],"titles":[19],"and":[20,25,33,51,57,66,92,104,110,124,161,170],"annotations)":[21],"influence":[22],"comprehension,":[23],"preferences,":[24],"predictions,":[26],"many":[27],"questions":[28],"remain":[29],"about":[30],"textual":[31],"design":[32,101,155],"use":[34],"in":[35,46,54,89,152,182],"practice.":[36],"This":[37,165],"paper":[38],"introduces":[39],"a":[40,94,153],"framework":[41,166],"for":[42],"understanding":[43],"functions":[45],"information":[47],"visualizations,":[48],"building":[49],"on":[50],"filling":[52],"gaps":[53],"prior":[55],"classifications":[56],"taxonomies.":[58],"Through":[59],"analysis":[61],"120":[63],"real-world":[64],"visualizations":[65],"804":[67],"elements,":[69],"we":[70,118],"identified":[71],"ten":[72],"distinct":[73],"functions,":[75,133],"ranging":[76],"from":[77],"identifying":[78],"data":[79],"mappings":[80],"to":[81,115,158,172],"presenting":[82],"valenced":[83],"subtext.":[84],"We":[85],"further":[86],"identify":[87],"patterns":[88],"usage":[91],"conduct":[93],"factor":[95],"analysis,":[96],"revealing":[97],"four":[98],"overarching":[99],"text-informed":[100],"strategies:":[102],"Attribution":[103],"Variables,":[105],"Annotation-Centric":[106],"Design,":[107],"Visual":[108],"Embellishments,":[109],"Narrative":[111],"Framing.":[112],"In":[113],"addition":[114],"these":[116],"factors,":[117],"explore":[119],"features":[120],"title":[122],"rhetoric":[123],"multifunctionality,":[126],"while":[127],"also":[128],"uncovering":[129],"previously":[130],"unexamined":[131],"such":[134],"as":[135],"replacing":[137],"visual":[138,163],"elements.":[139],"Our":[140],"findings":[141],"highlight":[142],"the":[143,177],"flexibility":[144],"text,":[146],"demonstrating":[147],"different":[149],"given":[154],"can":[156],"combine":[157],"communicate,":[159],"synthesize,":[160],"frame":[162],"information.":[164],"adds":[167],"important":[168],"nuance":[169],"detail":[171],"existing":[173],"frameworks":[174],"that":[175],"analyze":[176],"diverse":[178],"roles":[179],"visualization.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T05:59:30.833894","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}