{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414799024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3616865","title":"Behavioral and Symbolic Fillers as Delay Mitigation for Embodied Conversational Agents in Virtual Reality","display_name":"Behavioral and Symbolic Fillers as Delay Mitigation for Embodied Conversational Agents in Virtual Reality","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414799024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3616865","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41042642"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3616865","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3616865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Denmar Mojan Gonzales","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157413458","display_name":"Coburg University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02p5hsv84","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157413458"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denmar Mojan Gonzales","raw_affiliation_strings":["Coburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157413458"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053918714","display_name":"Snehanjali Kalamkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-0197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157413458","display_name":"Coburg University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02p5hsv84","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157413458"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Snehanjali Kalamkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Coburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-0197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157413458"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025756610","display_name":"Sophie J\u00f6rg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7910-8553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94626330","display_name":"University of Bamberg","ror":"https://ror.org/01c1w6d29","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94626330"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sophie J\u00f6rg","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bamberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7910-8553","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bamberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94626330"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082656307","display_name":"Jens Grubert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3858-2961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157413458","display_name":"Coburg University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02p5hsv84","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157413458"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Grubert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Coburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3858-2961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157413458"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9622,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96936017,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"11","first_page":"9783","last_page":"9791"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.6341000199317932,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.6341000199317932,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.5565000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-cognition","display_name":"Embodied cognition","score":0.8324000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.6431999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6136000156402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dialog-system","display_name":"Dialog system","score":0.49380001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-communication","display_name":"Symbolic communication","score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idle","display_name":"Idle","score":0.4142000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-agent","display_name":"Embodied agent","score":0.40540000796318054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.8324000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6658999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6452000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6431999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6136000156402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190954187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270587","display_name":"Dialog system","level":3,"score":0.49380001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95667121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661175","display_name":"Symbolic communication","level":2,"score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16320812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1812200","display_name":"Idle","level":2,"score":0.4142000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103683099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5370102","display_name":"Embodied agent","level":3,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983409430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7935065","display_name":"Virtual agent","level":2,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776095079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489538","display_name":"The Symbolic","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145633318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","level":2,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150303390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1983852","display_name":"Virtual actor","level":3,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111370547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451120","display_name":"Sensory cue","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.26600000262260437}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3616865","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3616865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41042642","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41042642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014375476","https://openalex.org/W2020587327","https://openalex.org/W2021112138","https://openalex.org/W2032568497","https://openalex.org/W2062645196","https://openalex.org/W2101818688","https://openalex.org/W2111485086","https://openalex.org/W2149595999","https://openalex.org/W2571337825","https://openalex.org/W2793633848","https://openalex.org/W2901752164","https://openalex.org/W2909822833","https://openalex.org/W2922194619","https://openalex.org/W2943696148","https://openalex.org/W2971127787","https://openalex.org/W3109657217","https://openalex.org/W3118898753","https://openalex.org/W3149845000","https://openalex.org/W3210634018","https://openalex.org/W3212372661","https://openalex.org/W4307764969","https://openalex.org/W4316810483","https://openalex.org/W4318026423","https://openalex.org/W4384520651","https://openalex.org/W4389314119","https://openalex.org/W4396833393","https://openalex.org/W4402401827","https://openalex.org/W4403333928","https://openalex.org/W4404643627","https://openalex.org/W4405812741"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"communicating":[1],"with":[2,81,106,114],"embodied":[3],"conversational":[4,99],"agents":[5,19],"(ECAs)":[6],"in":[7,14,83],"virtual":[8,84],"reality,":[9,85],"there":[10],"might":[11,41],"be":[12],"delays":[13,40],"the":[15,18,31,69,91,123,125,139,157,167,178,189,197],"responses":[16],"of":[17,30,68,98,148,177,186],"lasting":[20],"several":[21],"seconds,":[22],"for":[23],"example,":[24],"due":[25],"to":[26,43,55,61,79,172,181],"more":[27,63,159,174],"extensive":[28],"computations":[29],"answers":[32],"when":[33,161],"large":[34],"language":[35],"models":[36],"are":[37],"used.":[38],"Such":[39],"lead":[42,60,171],"unnatural":[44],"or":[45,180],"frustrating":[46],"interactions.":[47],"In":[48,71],"this":[49],"paper,":[50],"we":[51,75],"investigate":[52],"filler":[53,96,141],"types":[54],"mitigate":[56],"these":[57],"effects":[58],"and":[59,66,100,110,129,151,194,200],"a":[62,72,93,103,120,132,173],"positive":[64,175],"experience":[65],"perception":[67],"agent.":[70],"within-subject":[73],"study,":[74],"asked":[76],"24":[77],"participants":[78,187],"communicate":[80],"ECAs":[82],"comparing":[86],"four":[87],"strategies":[88],"displayed":[89],"during":[90],"delays:":[92],"multimodal":[94],"behavioral":[95,140,190],"consisting":[97],"gestural":[101],"fillers,":[102,191],"base":[104],"condition":[105],"only":[107,192],"idle":[108],"motions,":[109],"two":[111],"symbolic":[112,162,198],"indicators":[113,163],"progress":[115],"bars,":[116],"one":[117,127],"embedded":[118,199],"as":[119,131],"badge":[121],"on":[122],"agent,":[124],"other":[126],"external":[128,201],"visualized":[130],"thinking":[133],"bubble.":[134],"Our":[135],"results":[136],"indicate":[137],"that":[138],"improved":[142],"perceived":[143],"response":[144],"time,":[145],"three":[146],"subscales":[147],"presence,":[149],"humanlikeness,":[150],"naturalness.":[152],"Participants":[153],"looked":[154],"away":[155],"from":[156],"face":[158],"often":[160],"were":[164],"displayed,":[165],"but":[166],"visualizations":[168],"did":[169],"not":[170],"impression":[176],"agent":[179],"increased":[182],"presence.":[183],"The":[184],"majority":[185],"preferred":[188],"12.5%":[193],"4.2%":[195],"favored":[196],"conditions,":[202],"respectively.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
