{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414603859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3615198","title":"Manual-Free Gaze Interaction via Bayesian-Based Implicit Intention Prediction","display_name":"Manual-Free Gaze Interaction via Bayesian-Based Implicit Intention Prediction","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414603859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3615198","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41021964"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3615198","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3615198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080798297","display_name":"Taewoo Jo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4703-702X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taewoo Jo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4703-702X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046463354","display_name":"Ho Jung Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3122-8493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho Jung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3122-8493","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000951188","display_name":"Sulim Chun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2005-1764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sulim Chun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2005-1764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028464272","display_name":"In\u2010Kwon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1534-1882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"In-Kwon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1534-1882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8689,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76754533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"12","first_page":"10789","last_page":"10800"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9387999773025513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9315000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.7817999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.7174000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.6723999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.5264999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5187000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-inference","display_name":"Bayesian inference","score":0.5059000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5013999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.42820000648498535}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8090999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.7817999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.7174000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.6723999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6565999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5788999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.5264999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5187000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160234255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812535","display_name":"Bayesian inference","level":3,"score":0.5059000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5013999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4496000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.38519999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93959086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888345","display_name":"Model selection","level":2,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67712803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7901853","display_name":"User modeling","level":3,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33724603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812540","display_name":"Bayesian network","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005868","descriptor_name":"Gestures","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005868","descriptor_name":"Gestures","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005868","descriptor_name":"Gestures","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D033182","descriptor_name":"Intention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D033182","descriptor_name":"Intention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D033182","descriptor_name":"Intention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3615198","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3615198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41021964","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41021964","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4734363519","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2024-00348094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1592960782","https://openalex.org/W1968989447","https://openalex.org/W1979038477","https://openalex.org/W1995055145","https://openalex.org/W2041600651","https://openalex.org/W2075612272","https://openalex.org/W2081167820","https://openalex.org/W2098550303","https://openalex.org/W2112103637","https://openalex.org/W2137864660","https://openalex.org/W2143355978","https://openalex.org/W2151324917","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2160951686","https://openalex.org/W2168443748","https://openalex.org/W2176017127","https://openalex.org/W2179427518","https://openalex.org/W2342688137","https://openalex.org/W2391995712","https://openalex.org/W2604150046","https://openalex.org/W2764065835","https://openalex.org/W2796228338","https://openalex.org/W2805883713","https://openalex.org/W2985228903","https://openalex.org/W3008093564","https://openalex.org/W3012496101","https://openalex.org/W3164089640","https://openalex.org/W3164626843","https://openalex.org/W3164939684","https://openalex.org/W3206237932","https://openalex.org/W4243354616","https://openalex.org/W4252434644","https://openalex.org/W4256167997","https://openalex.org/W4294891905","https://openalex.org/W4307475376","https://openalex.org/W4307475498","https://openalex.org/W4321488069","https://openalex.org/W4366547419","https://openalex.org/W4366588606","https://openalex.org/W4377012710","https://openalex.org/W4386176470","https://openalex.org/W4387250680","https://openalex.org/W4387319165","https://openalex.org/W4387793635","https://openalex.org/W4392940188","https://openalex.org/W4396832595","https://openalex.org/W4396833429","https://openalex.org/W4396833513","https://openalex.org/W4399105864","https://openalex.org/W4402722059","https://openalex.org/W4402954056","https://openalex.org/W4409735441","https://openalex.org/W4409884218","https://openalex.org/W4410701887"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Eye":[0],"gaze":[1,94,105,135],"is":[2,70],"regarded":[3],"as":[4,41],"a":[5,59,100,125,155,162],"promising":[6],"interaction":[7],"modality":[8],"in":[9,53,77],"extended":[10],"reality":[11],"(XR)":[12],"environments.":[13],"However,":[14],"to":[15,72,103,118,141,160],"address":[16],"the":[17,21,25,33,66,80,146,149,167],"challenges":[18],"posed":[19],"by":[20],"Midas":[22],"touch":[23],"problem,":[24],"determination":[26],"of":[27,35,148,172],"selection":[28,38,75,108,120],"intention":[29,76],"frequently":[30],"relies":[31],"on":[32,65,166],"implementation":[34],"additional":[36],"manual":[37],"techniques,":[39],"such":[40],"explicit":[42,174],"gestures":[43,175],"(e.g.,":[44],"controller/hand":[45],"inputs":[46],"or":[47],"dwell),":[48],"which":[49,69,110],"are":[50,91,111],"inherently":[51],"limited":[52],"their":[54],"functionality.":[55],"We":[56],"hereby":[57],"present":[58],"machine":[60],"learning":[61],"(ML)":[62],"model":[63,98,117,127],"based":[64,165],"Bayesian":[67,101],"framework,":[68],"employed":[71],"predict":[73],"user":[74,156],"real-time,":[78],"with":[79],"unique":[81],"distinction":[82],"that":[83],"all":[84],"data":[85,95,106],"used":[86],"for":[87],"training":[88],"and":[89,176],"prediction":[90,168],"obtained":[92],"from":[93],"alone.":[96],"The":[97,170],"utilizes":[99],"approach":[102,138],"transform":[104],"into":[107,114],"probabilities,":[109],"subsequently":[112],"fed":[113],"an":[115],"ML":[116],"discern":[119],"intentions.":[121],"In":[122,152],"Study":[123,153],"1,":[124],"high-performance":[126],"was":[128,139,158],"constructed,":[129],"enabling":[130],"real-time":[131],"inference":[132],"using":[133],"solely":[134],"data.":[136],"This":[137],"found":[140],"enhance":[142],"performance,":[143],"thereby":[144],"validating":[145],"efficacy":[147],"proposed":[150],"methodology.":[151],"2,":[154],"study":[157],"conducted":[159],"validate":[161],"manual-free":[163],"technique":[164],"model.":[169],"advantages":[171],"eliminating":[173],"potential":[177],"applications":[178],"were":[179],"also":[180],"discussed.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
