{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408281405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3549563","title":"SplatLoc: 3D Gaussian Splatting-based Visual Localization for Augmented Reality","display_name":"SplatLoc: 3D Gaussian Splatting-based Visual Localization for Augmented Reality","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408281405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3549563","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40063488"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3549563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3549563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069707429","display_name":"Hongjia Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7729-8787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjia Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Lab of CAD&#x0026;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7729-8787","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&#x0026;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104118558","display_name":"Xiyu Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Lab of CAD&#x0026;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6001-133X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&#x0026;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103281510","display_name":"Boming Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3267-6040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boming Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Lab of CAD&#x0026;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3267-6040","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&#x0026;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429396","display_name":"Hai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-6566"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["RayNeo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-6566","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RayNeo, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029738461","display_name":"Yijia He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4358-7393"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijia He","raw_affiliation_strings":["RayNeo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4358-7393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RayNeo, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075311772","display_name":"Zhaopeng Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7130-439X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaopeng Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Lab of CAD&#x0026;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7130-439X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&#x0026;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059021869","display_name":"Hujun Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2662-0334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hujun Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Lab of CAD&#x0026;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2662-0334","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&#x0026;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693448","display_name":"Guofeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5661-8430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guofeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Lab of CAD&#x0026;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5661-8430","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&#x0026;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.6432,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98984816,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"5","first_page":"3591","last_page":"3601"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9460999965667725,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9045000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8450046181678772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.7907364964485168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.6645424365997314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5507956743240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5297131538391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5034076571464539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.49390870332717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-reality","display_name":"Mixed reality","score":0.4780562222003937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.44197148084640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interactive-visual-analysis","display_name":"Interactive visual analysis","score":0.4299306869506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.3797745704650879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.35629090666770935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8450046181678772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.7907364964485168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.6645424365997314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5507956743240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5297131538391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5034076571464539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.49390870332717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206776904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758389","display_name":"Mixed reality","level":3,"score":0.4780562222003937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.44197148084640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99740376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092520","display_name":"Interactive visual analysis","level":4,"score":0.4299306869506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.3797745704650879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.35629090666770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3549563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3549563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40063488","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40063488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5158269727","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61932003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991544872","https://openalex.org/W2085261163","https://openalex.org/W2097649661","https://openalex.org/W2122572959","https://openalex.org/W2147854204","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2178629455","https://openalex.org/W2200124539","https://openalex.org/W2795645133","https://openalex.org/W2951019013","https://openalex.org/W2962705366","https://openalex.org/W2963272646","https://openalex.org/W3017008958","https://openalex.org/W3043075211","https://openalex.org/W3109585842","https://openalex.org/W3112108866","https://openalex.org/W3112165707","https://openalex.org/W3126469991","https://openalex.org/W3159481202","https://openalex.org/W3211077271","https://openalex.org/W4214768561","https://openalex.org/W4221151978","https://openalex.org/W4232452729","https://openalex.org/W4237648096","https://openalex.org/W4252201060","https://openalex.org/W4307783807","https://openalex.org/W4310643199","https://openalex.org/W4312280188","https://openalex.org/W4312706422","https://openalex.org/W4321512490","https://openalex.org/W4321512591","https://openalex.org/W4321608015","https://openalex.org/W4385318467","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4393159733","https://openalex.org/W4393248012","https://openalex.org/W4394974290","https://openalex.org/W4397028793","https://openalex.org/W4401413794","https://openalex.org/W4402389384","https://openalex.org/W4402698358","https://openalex.org/W4402715996","https://openalex.org/W4402716392","https://openalex.org/W4402726969","https://openalex.org/W4402727359","https://openalex.org/W4402727529","https://openalex.org/W4402727865","https://openalex.org/W4402727915","https://openalex.org/W4402754019","https://openalex.org/W4402771875","https://openalex.org/W4402916615","https://openalex.org/W4404132771","https://openalex.org/W4409264028","https://openalex.org/W6764040762","https://openalex.org/W6770485707","https://openalex.org/W6791353385","https://openalex.org/W6793049075","https://openalex.org/W6801348978","https://openalex.org/W6802692370","https://openalex.org/W6811433417","https://openalex.org/W6862878514","https://openalex.org/W6866243372","https://openalex.org/W6869282334","https://openalex.org/W6873065518"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4378228679","https://openalex.org/W2736982640","https://openalex.org/W4378228262","https://openalex.org/W3107375852","https://openalex.org/W4320495410","https://openalex.org/W2752321621","https://openalex.org/W2902898664","https://openalex.org/W2789244453","https://openalex.org/W3205251208","https://openalex.org/W4285815440"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visual":[0],"localization":[1,61,141,160,166],"plays":[2],"an":[3,58,91],"important":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,22,26,32],"the":[7,23,78,123],"applications":[8],"of":[9,64],"Augmented":[10],"Reality":[11],"(AR),":[12],"which":[13,138],"enable":[14],"AR":[15],"devices":[16],"to":[17,28,134,162],"obtain":[18],"their":[19],"6-DoF":[20],"pose":[21,87],"pre-build":[24],"map":[25],"order":[27],"render":[29],"virtual":[30],"content":[31],"real":[33],"scenes.":[34],"However,":[35],"most":[36],"existing":[37],"approaches":[38],"can":[39],"not":[40],"perform":[41],"novel":[42],"view":[43],"rendering":[44,66,158],"and":[45,159,169],"require":[46],"large":[47],"storage":[48],"capacities":[49],"for":[50,86,97,126],"maps.":[51],"To":[52,81],"overcome":[53],"these":[54],"limitations,":[55],"we":[56,89,107],"propose":[57],"efficient":[59],"visual":[60,165],"method":[62,153],"capable":[63],"high-quality":[65],"with":[67],"fewer":[68],"parameters.":[69],"Specifically,":[70],"our":[71,152],"approach":[72],"leverages":[73],"3D":[74,93,111],"Gaussian":[75,98,132],"primitives":[76,133],"as":[77],"scene":[79],"representation.":[80],"ensure":[82],"precise":[83],"2D-3D":[84],"correspondences":[85],"estimation,":[88],"develop":[90],"unbiased":[92],"scene-specific":[94],"descriptor":[95],"decoder":[96],"primitives,":[99],"distilled":[100],"from":[101],"a":[102,109,117],"constructed":[103],"feature":[104],"volume.":[105],"Additionally,":[106],"introduce":[108],"salient":[110],"landmark":[112],"selection":[113],"algorithm":[114],"that":[115,151],"selects":[116],"suitable":[118],"primitive":[119],"subset":[120],"based":[121],"on":[122,145],"saliency":[124],"score":[125],"localization.":[127],"We":[128],"further":[129],"regularize":[130],"key":[131],"prevent":[135],"anisotropic":[136],"effects,":[137],"also":[139],"improves":[140],"performance.":[142],"Extensive":[143],"experiments":[144],"two":[146],"widely":[147],"used":[148],"datasets":[149],"demonstrate":[150],"achieves":[154],"superior":[155],"or":[156],"comparable":[157],"performance":[161],"state-of-the-art":[163],"implicit-based":[164],"approaches.":[167],"Code":[168],"data":[170],"are":[171],"available":[172],"at":[173],"project":[174],"page:":[175],"https://zju3dv.github.io/splatloc.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
