{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408223297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3549137","title":"Seeing is Not Thinking: Testing Capabilities of VR to Promote Perspective-Taking","display_name":"Seeing is Not Thinking: Testing Capabilities of VR to Promote Perspective-Taking","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408223297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3549137","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40053635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3549137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3549137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051155150","display_name":"Eugene Kukshinov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3759-5218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eugene Kukshinov","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078078318","display_name":"Federica Gini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3427-3747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federica Gini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097686592","display_name":"Anchit Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9757-9777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anchit Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008858772","display_name":"Nicholas David Bowman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5594-9713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Bowman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Syracuse University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Syracuse University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063232741","display_name":"Brendan Rooney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9842-1492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brendan Rooney","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045627721","display_name":"Lennart E. Nacke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4290-8829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lennart E. Nacke","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051155150"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9911,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81802493,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"5","first_page":"2694","last_page":"2703"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9660000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9660000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9236000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.717892050743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.7152101993560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5424438714981079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5244422554969788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5011200904846191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.45493704080581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.35241463780403137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3264465034008026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19831103086471558}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.717892050743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.7152101993560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5424438714981079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5244422554969788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5011200904846191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.45493704080581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35241463780403137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3264465034008026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19831103086471558}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013850","descriptor_name":"Thinking","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013850","descriptor_name":"Thinking","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3549137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2025.3549137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40053635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40053635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973787747","https://openalex.org/W1977215847","https://openalex.org/W1980083892","https://openalex.org/W1995296289","https://openalex.org/W2038181615","https://openalex.org/W2038594232","https://openalex.org/W2096476371","https://openalex.org/W2096822517","https://openalex.org/W2120771953","https://openalex.org/W2139401165","https://openalex.org/W2140603745","https://openalex.org/W2157258415","https://openalex.org/W2160144355","https://openalex.org/W2160375265","https://openalex.org/W2292941895","https://openalex.org/W2504811885","https://openalex.org/W2756038645","https://openalex.org/W2791303701","https://openalex.org/W2801827556","https://openalex.org/W2804479262","https://openalex.org/W2805738666","https://openalex.org/W2808652965","https://openalex.org/W2887730358","https://openalex.org/W2888849277","https://openalex.org/W2895844696","https://openalex.org/W2902135653","https://openalex.org/W2921653928","https://openalex.org/W2962416613","https://openalex.org/W2969734711","https://openalex.org/W3005627210","https://openalex.org/W3016402533","https://openalex.org/W3118914251","https://openalex.org/W3175125592","https://openalex.org/W3192513760","https://openalex.org/W3194633467","https://openalex.org/W3212594737","https://openalex.org/W4210764005","https://openalex.org/W4214947674","https://openalex.org/W4237870093","https://openalex.org/W4241877613","https://openalex.org/W4242698943","https://openalex.org/W4245146384","https://openalex.org/W4280534734","https://openalex.org/W4281619428","https://openalex.org/W4297237762","https://openalex.org/W4362676665","https://openalex.org/W4392405839","https://openalex.org/W4394713651","https://openalex.org/W4399119228","https://openalex.org/W6606582905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059650074","https://openalex.org/W4285504728","https://openalex.org/W2013728941","https://openalex.org/W4225274103","https://openalex.org/W2154046714","https://openalex.org/W2189613078","https://openalex.org/W2579659702","https://openalex.org/W2923661510","https://openalex.org/W1574055964","https://openalex.org/W1965329638"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Virtual":[0],"Reality":[1],"(VR)":[2],"technologies":[3],"offer":[4],"compelling":[5],"experiences":[6,186],"by":[7,97,114],"allowing":[8],"users":[9,150],"to":[10,23,39,104,158,172,187,196],"immerse":[11],"themselves":[12],"in":[13,184],"simulated":[14],"environments":[15],"interacting":[16],"through":[17,67,75],"avatars.":[18],"However,":[19],"despite":[20],"its":[21],"ability":[22],"evoke":[24],"emotional":[25],"responses,":[26],"and":[27,52,71,146],"seeing":[28],"'through":[29],"the":[30,33,58,115,179,226],"eyes'":[31],"of":[32,137,225],"displayed":[34],"other,":[35],"it":[36,129,167],"remains":[37],"unclear":[38],"what":[40],"extent":[41],"VR":[42,68,185],"actually":[43],"fosters":[44],"perspective-taking":[45,143,212],"(PT)":[46],"or":[47,95,101,139,214],"thinking":[48],"about":[49],"others'":[50],"thoughts":[51],"feelings.":[53],"It":[54],"might":[55],"be":[56],"that":[57,61,72,121,169,218],"common":[59],"belief":[60],"one":[62],"can":[63],"\"become":[64],"someone":[65],"else\"":[66],"is":[69,221],"misleading,":[70],"engaging":[73],"situations":[74],"a":[76,82,91,153,161],"different":[77,83],"viewpoint":[78,193],"does":[79],"not":[80],"produce":[81],"cognitive":[84,219],"standpoint.":[85],"To":[86,199],"test":[87],"this,":[88],"we":[89],"conducted":[90],"2":[92,98],"(perspective,":[93],"first-person":[94,123],"third-person)":[96],"(perspective-taking":[99],"task":[100,155],"no":[102,131],"task)":[103],"examine":[105],"effects":[106],"on":[107,134],"perspective":[108,124,141],"taking,":[109],"measured":[110],"via":[111],"audio-recordings":[112],"afforded":[113],"think-aloud":[116],"protocol.":[117],"Our":[118],"data":[119,177],"demonstrate":[120],"while":[122],"(1PP)":[125],"facilitates":[126],"perceived":[127],"embodiment,":[128],"has":[130],"appreciable":[132],"influence":[133],"perspective-taking.":[135,198],"Regardless":[136],"1PP":[138],"third-person":[140],"(3PP),":[142],"was":[144],"substantially":[145],"significantly":[147],"increased":[148],"when":[149],"were":[151],"given":[152],"specific":[154],"prompting":[156],"them":[157],"actively":[159],"consider":[160,188],"character's":[162],"perspective.":[163],"Without":[164],"such":[165],"tasks,":[166],"seems":[168],"participants":[170],"default":[171],"their":[173],"own":[174],"viewpoints.":[175],"These":[176],"highlight":[178],"need":[180],"for":[181],"intentional":[182],"design":[183],"content":[189],"rather":[190],"than":[191],"simply":[192],"as":[194,204],"key":[195],"authentic":[197],"truly":[200],"harness":[201],"VR's":[202],"potential":[203],"an":[205,222],"\"empathy":[206],"machine,\"":[207],"developers":[208],"must":[209],"integrate":[210],"targeted":[211],"tasks":[213],"story":[215],"prompts,":[216],"ensuring":[217],"engagement":[220],"active":[223],"component":[224],"experience.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}