{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404520672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2024.3496789","title":"VAC2: Visual Analysis of Combined Causality in Event Sequences","display_name":"VAC2: Visual Analysis of Combined Causality in Event Sequences","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404520672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2024.3496789","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40030215"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3496789","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2024.3496789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035339066","display_name":"Sujia Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9109-9872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sujia Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9109-9872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guodao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8383-8153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guodao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8383-8153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102010946","display_name":"Yue Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8117-0915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zihao Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9310-6493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihao Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9310-6493","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wang Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4341-3028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4341-3028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070989578","display_name":"Baofeng Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1028-716X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baofeng Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1028-716X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jingwei Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5712-0722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingwei Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5712-0722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001531117","display_name":"Ronghua Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2077-9608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronghua Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2077-9608","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6427,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70607068,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"9","first_page":"6223","last_page":"6240"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.705978274345398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.6362621784210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.6241955161094666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.5477390885353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.5217307806015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-analytics","display_name":"Visual analytics","score":0.4215776324272156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38078975677490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.36553120613098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35775554180145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.34030789136886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.107541024684906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.705978274345398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6362621784210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.6241955161094666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5477390885353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.5217307806015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59732488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2528440","display_name":"Visual analytics","level":3,"score":0.4215776324272156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38078975677490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.36553120613098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35775554180145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34030789136886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.107541024684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3496789","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2024.3496789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40030215","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40030215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2861150812","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62036009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3381881735","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62432014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4281558348","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372411","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8660038754","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62422607","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518015152","https://openalex.org/W1689236855","https://openalex.org/W1893161884","https://openalex.org/W1942633596","https://openalex.org/W1973012451","https://openalex.org/W1992862710","https://openalex.org/W2020245429","https://openalex.org/W2024472792","https://openalex.org/W2032987985","https://openalex.org/W2050335327","https://openalex.org/W2051148835","https://openalex.org/W2059055991","https://openalex.org/W2073800769","https://openalex.org/W2107139603","https://openalex.org/W2112660220","https://openalex.org/W2117618130","https://openalex.org/W2158453355","https://openalex.org/W2165049137","https://openalex.org/W2165190832","https://openalex.org/W2180041965","https://openalex.org/W2279670252","https://openalex.org/W2299844414","https://openalex.org/W2557632452","https://openalex.org/W2617100036","https://openalex.org/W2768418903","https://openalex.org/W2788708648","https://openalex.org/W2789701916","https://openalex.org/W2803323405","https://openalex.org/W2952596119","https://openalex.org/W2958977657","https://openalex.org/W2963174822","https://openalex.org/W2966278351","https://openalex.org/W2969737323","https://openalex.org/W3005563402","https://openalex.org/W3015731269","https://openalex.org/W3024621866","https://openalex.org/W3031923829","https://openalex.org/W3035272542","https://openalex.org/W3049654111","https://openalex.org/W3081850804","https://openalex.org/W3091825402","https://openalex.org/W3092273406","https://openalex.org/W3092569006","https://openalex.org/W3118337609","https://openalex.org/W3124658416","https://openalex.org/W3128656345","https://openalex.org/W3168629863","https://openalex.org/W3201979036","https://openalex.org/W3203230410","https://openalex.org/W3204059120","https://openalex.org/W3204415071","https://openalex.org/W3210027742","https://openalex.org/W3214797839","https://openalex.org/W4214698730","https://openalex.org/W4231114256","https://openalex.org/W4244580308","https://openalex.org/W4251465000","https://openalex.org/W4282813491","https://openalex.org/W4288079704","https://openalex.org/W4296338115","https://openalex.org/W4297094586","https://openalex.org/W4388034505","https://openalex.org/W4391128914","https://openalex.org/W4402401630","https://openalex.org/W4402401822","https://openalex.org/W4402401841","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6676506760","https://openalex.org/W6679948214","https://openalex.org/W6691626023","https://openalex.org/W6693457962","https://openalex.org/W6696212614","https://openalex.org/W6773915709","https://openalex.org/W6782873633","https://openalex.org/W6850931196"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2362367986","https://openalex.org/W348707231","https://openalex.org/W2571228289","https://openalex.org/W4390204044","https://openalex.org/W4293108519","https://openalex.org/W3041760129","https://openalex.org/W2013728941","https://openalex.org/W4225274103","https://openalex.org/W2154046714","https://openalex.org/W2189613078"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Identifying":[0],"causality":[1,22,48,75,107,112,147,170],"behind":[2],"complex":[3],"systems":[4],"plays":[5],"a":[6,177,205],"significant":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,46],"different":[10,184],"domains,":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13,160,162],"decision-making,":[14],"policy":[15],"implementations,":[16],"and":[17,56,65,98,119,127,137,176,191,204],"management":[18],"recommendations.":[19],"However,":[20],"existing":[21],"studies":[23,203],"on":[24,31,50,78,209],"temporal":[25,51],"event":[26,52,210],"sequence":[27,53,211],"data":[28],"mainly":[29],"focus":[30],"individual":[32,163],"causal":[33],"discovery,":[34],"which":[35],"is":[36],"incapable":[37],"of":[38,67,102,186,193],"capturing":[39],"combined":[40,47,142,146,158],"causality.":[41,143],"To":[42],"address":[43],"the":[44,63,73,79],"gap":[45],"discovery":[49],"data,":[54],"eliminating":[55],"recruiting":[57],"principles":[58],"are":[59,130,196],"defined":[60],"to":[61,83,104,180],"balance":[62],"effectiveness":[64,192],"controllability":[66],"cause":[68],"combinations.":[69],"We":[70],"also":[71,131],"leverage":[72],"Granger":[74],"algorithm":[76],"based":[77],"Reactive":[80],"point":[81],"processes":[82],"describe":[84],"impelling":[85],"or":[86],"inhibiting":[87],"behavior":[88],"patterns":[89],"among":[90],"entities.":[91],"In":[92],"addition,":[93],"we":[94],"design":[95],"an":[96],"informative":[97],"aesthetic":[99],"visual":[100,148],"metaphor":[101],"\"electrocircuit\"":[103],"encode":[105],"aggregated":[106],"for":[108,140],"ensuring":[109],"that":[110],"our":[111,134,194],"visualization":[113],"exhibits":[114],"no":[115,117,120],"node-overlap,":[116],"edge-intersection,":[118],"link-ambiguity.":[121],"Aggregation":[122],"layout,":[123],"diverse":[124,173],"sorting":[125],"strategies,":[126],"smooth":[128],"interactions":[129],"integrated":[132],"into":[133],"directed,":[135],"weighted,":[136],"parallel-based":[138],"hypergraph":[139],"illustrating":[141],"Our":[144],"developed":[145],"analysis":[149],"system,":[150],"namely":[151],"VAC$^{2}$2,":[152],"can":[153],"help":[154,181],"users":[155,182],"effectively":[156],"explore":[157],"causes":[159],"well":[161],"causes.":[164],"This":[165],"interactive":[166],"system":[167],"supports":[168],"multi-level":[169],"exploration":[171],"with":[172],"ordering":[174],"strategies":[175],"focus+context":[178],"technique":[179],"obtain":[183],"levels":[185],"information":[187],"abstraction.":[188],"The":[189],"usefulness":[190],"work":[195],"further":[197],"evaluated":[198],"by":[199],"conducting":[200],"two":[201],"case":[202],"controlled":[206],"user":[207],"study":[208],"data.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2024-11-20T00:00:00"}