{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402401804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2024.3456305","title":"Beware of Validation by Eye: Visual Validation of Linear Trends in Scatterplots","display_name":"Beware of Validation by Eye: Visual Validation of Linear Trends in Scatterplots","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402401804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2024.3456305","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39255144"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3456305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2024.3456305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.11625","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101809615","display_name":"Daniel Braun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-7184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180923762","display_name":"University of Cologne","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcxh774","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Braun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cologne, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cologne, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089451178","display_name":"Remco Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6484-6430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Remco Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tufts University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tufts University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084778474","display_name":"Michael Gleicher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3295-4071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Gleicher","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA","University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015182248","display_name":"Tatiana von Landesberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5279-1444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180923762","display_name":"University of Cologne","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcxh774","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tatiana von Landesberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cologne, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cologne, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101809615"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4893,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64345618,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"787","last_page":"797"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13398","display_name":"Data Analysis with R","score":0.9437999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.9416999816894531,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.7043275833129883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6734901666641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-regression","display_name":"Linear regression","score":0.6330268383026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.5374314188957214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.5258023142814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4853147864341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4772636592388153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.4769386649131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-model","display_name":"Linear model","score":0.47447091341018677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-inspection","display_name":"Visual inspection","score":0.44665616750717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.43787020444869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.360872358083725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.25524449348449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23299577832221985}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.7043275833129883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6734901666641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.6330268383026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.5374314188957214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.5258023142814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4853147864341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4772636592388153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.4769386649131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163175372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3339222","display_name":"Linear model","level":2,"score":0.47447091341018677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168820333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448889","display_name":"Visual inspection","level":2,"score":0.44665616750717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.43787020444869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.360872358083725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25524449348449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23299577832221985}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3456305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2024.3456305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39255144","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39255144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2407.11625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2407.11625","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.11625","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2407.11625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2407.11625","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.11625","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2044452311","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2118201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3459821447","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2007436","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4618823121","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1452977","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5168466499","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402401804.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402401804.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W884650706","https://openalex.org/W1949897911","https://openalex.org/W1968989359","https://openalex.org/W1971793635","https://openalex.org/W1974423219","https://openalex.org/W1974584593","https://openalex.org/W1977294046","https://openalex.org/W1986464856","https://openalex.org/W2017521531","https://openalex.org/W2043523210","https://openalex.org/W2053807215","https://openalex.org/W2059372149","https://openalex.org/W2112179747","https://openalex.org/W2118366674","https://openalex.org/W2144969491","https://openalex.org/W2150839822","https://openalex.org/W2300653232","https://openalex.org/W2307269239","https://openalex.org/W2513899057","https://openalex.org/W2610600445","https://openalex.org/W2610760451","https://openalex.org/W2789668024","https://openalex.org/W2873704094","https://openalex.org/W2888128203","https://openalex.org/W2891923715","https://openalex.org/W2894294331","https://openalex.org/W2970954739","https://openalex.org/W2979759703","https://openalex.org/W3011179515","https://openalex.org/W3034069517","https://openalex.org/W3034545571","https://openalex.org/W3094137687","https://openalex.org/W3094686502","https://openalex.org/W3110873875","https://openalex.org/W3118982518","https://openalex.org/W3120241523","https://openalex.org/W3154865665","https://openalex.org/W3173315018","https://openalex.org/W3183712881","https://openalex.org/W3190684581","https://openalex.org/W3204961801","https://openalex.org/W4252584953","https://openalex.org/W4297461654","https://openalex.org/W4297489900","https://openalex.org/W4297965535","https://openalex.org/W4312875440","https://openalex.org/W4362510438","https://openalex.org/W4387885705","https://openalex.org/W4389610604","https://openalex.org/W4389988546","https://openalex.org/W6813609943"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W63065332","https://openalex.org/W1990738922","https://openalex.org/W3093365844","https://openalex.org/W2983071886","https://openalex.org/W397719029","https://openalex.org/W2023538514","https://openalex.org/W4283650582","https://openalex.org/W1984715397","https://openalex.org/W4200124026","https://openalex.org/W2775379093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visual":[0],"validation":[1,47,74,155,178],"of":[2,42,56,61,75],"regression":[3,33,105,137],"models":[4,34],"in":[5,93,164,174,182],"scatterplots":[6],"is":[7,69],"a":[8,65,80],"common":[9,43,121,134],"practice":[10],"for":[11,58,72,136,166,179],"assessing":[12],"model":[13,177],"quality,":[14],"yet":[15],"its":[16],"efficacy":[17],"remains":[18],"unquantified.":[19],"We":[20],"conducted":[21],"two":[22],"empirical":[23],"experiments":[24],"to":[25,29,38,67,98,159],"investigate":[26],"individuals'":[27],"ability":[28],"visually":[30],"validate":[31],"linear":[32,180],"(linear":[35],"trends)":[36],"and":[37,112,143],"examine":[39],"the":[40,54,110,113,120,127,161],"impact":[41],"visualization":[44,138],"designs":[45,135],"on":[46],"quality.":[48],"The":[49],"first":[50],"experiment":[51],"showed":[52],"that":[53,89,101],"level":[55],"accuracy":[57,165],"visual":[59,73,148,176],"estimation":[60],"slope":[62],"(i.e.,":[63,78,115],"fitting":[64],"line":[66,114],"data)":[68],"higher":[70],"than":[71,119],"s":[76],"lope":[77],"accepting":[79],"shown":[81],"line).":[82],"Notably,":[83],"we":[84,130],"found":[85],"bias":[86],"toward":[87],"slopes":[88],"are":[90],"\"too":[91],"steep\"":[92],"both":[94],"cases.":[95],"This":[96],"lead":[97],"novel":[99],"insights":[100],"participants":[102],"naturally":[103],"assessed":[104],"with":[106],"orthogonal":[107],"distances":[108,123],"between":[109],"points":[111],"ODR":[116],"regression)":[117],"rather":[118],"vertical":[122],"(OLS":[124],"regression).":[125],"In":[126],"second":[128],"experiment,":[129],"investigated":[131],"whether":[132],"incorporating":[133],"(error":[139],"lines,":[140],"bounding":[141],"boxes,":[142],"confidence":[144],"intervals)":[145],"would":[146],"improve":[147],"validation.":[149],"Even":[150],"though":[151],"error":[152],"lines":[153],"reduced":[154],"bias,":[156],"results":[157],"failed":[158],"show":[160],"desired":[162],"improvements":[163],"any":[167],"design.":[168],"Overall,":[169],"our":[170],"findings":[171],"suggest":[172],"caution":[173],"using":[175],"trends":[181],"scatterplots.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
