{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391800855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2024.3397828","title":"3D Gaussian Splatting as a New Era: A Survey","display_name":"3D Gaussian Splatting as a New Era: A Survey","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391800855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2024.3397828","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38713572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3397828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2024.3397828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.07181","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074448929","display_name":"Ben Fei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3219-9996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ben Fei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100610909","display_name":"Jingyi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1836-741X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422075","display_name":"Rui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6974-5516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101483910","display_name":"Qingyuan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2879-8136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108059888","display_name":"Weidong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1170-3847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weidong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027572411","display_name":"Ying He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3926-0483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074448929"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.6639,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":132,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99873016,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"8","first_page":"4429","last_page":"4449"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.866100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.866100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.8062999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12983","display_name":"Satellite Image Processing and Photogrammetry","score":0.7894999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5372931957244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.381521075963974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35394686460494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3441472053527832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.3228859603404999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.17455947399139404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16743886470794678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5372931957244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.381521075963974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35394686460494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3441472053527832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.3228859603404999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.17455947399139404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16743886470794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3397828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2024.3397828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38713572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38713572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2402.07181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.07181","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.07181","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2402.07181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.07181","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.07181","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391800855.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391800855.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":174,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028576613","https://openalex.org/W2047947369","https://openalex.org/W2055174129","https://openalex.org/W2113634802","https://openalex.org/W2134120396","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2156097299","https://openalex.org/W2156603439","https://openalex.org/W2293372129","https://openalex.org/W2471962767","https://openalex.org/W2520707372","https://openalex.org/W2738551266","https://openalex.org/W2769666294","https://openalex.org/W2793768642","https://openalex.org/W2804619907","https://openalex.org/W2901982540","https://openalex.org/W2951159596","https://openalex.org/W2955639361","https://openalex.org/W2964288609","https://openalex.org/W3107825842","https://openalex.org/W3109700159","https://openalex.org/W3111114371","https://openalex.org/W3114462840","https://openalex.org/W3153220274","https://openalex.org/W3157519194","https://openalex.org/W3174272147","https://openalex.org/W3176327543","https://openalex.org/W3176679482","https://openalex.org/W3180199962","https://openalex.org/W3215615641","https://openalex.org/W3215769467","https://openalex.org/W4200150166","https://openalex.org/W4205172069","https://openalex.org/W4221151978","https://openalex.org/W4232452729","https://openalex.org/W4245933748","https://openalex.org/W4252713891","https://openalex.org/W4286611060","https://openalex.org/W4312341890","https://openalex.org/W4312344788","https://openalex.org/W4312480149","https://openalex.org/W4312632331","https://openalex.org/W4312828520","https://openalex.org/W4312891300","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4313153331","https://openalex.org/W4313165271","https://openalex.org/W4313167908","https://openalex.org/W4319299970","https://openalex.org/W4319300804","https://openalex.org/W4376311815","https://openalex.org/W4385318467","https://openalex.org/W4385527434","https://openalex.org/W4386065379","https://openalex.org/W4386075614","https://openalex.org/W4386075660","https://openalex.org/W4386075787","https://openalex.org/W4386076557","https://openalex.org/W4386083004","https://openalex.org/W4386113267","https://openalex.org/W4390871701","https://openalex.org/W4390872205","https://openalex.org/W4390872744","https://openalex.org/W4390872951","https://openalex.org/W4390872978","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4393248012","https://openalex.org/W4394841913","https://openalex.org/W4399574574","https://openalex.org/W4400582194","https://openalex.org/W4400819283","https://openalex.org/W4401029143","https://openalex.org/W4401523508","https://openalex.org/W4402698355","https://openalex.org/W4402698358","https://openalex.org/W4402702918","https://openalex.org/W4402704577","https://openalex.org/W4402704609","https://openalex.org/W4402704624","https://openalex.org/W4402713101","https://openalex.org/W4402713112","https://openalex.org/W4402715971","https://openalex.org/W4402715988","https://openalex.org/W4402715996","https://openalex.org/W4402716022","https://openalex.org/W4402716032","https://openalex.org/W4402716145","https://openalex.org/W4402716153","https://openalex.org/W4402716301","https://openalex.org/W4402716305","https://openalex.org/W4402716359","https://openalex.org/W4402716404","https://openalex.org/W4402716405","https://openalex.org/W4402727067","https://openalex.org/W4402727211","https://openalex.org/W4402727236","https://openalex.org/W4402727240","https://openalex.org/W4402727541","https://openalex.org/W4402727576","https://openalex.org/W4402727627","https://openalex.org/W4402727655","https://openalex.org/W4402727821","https://openalex.org/W4402727865","https://openalex.org/W4402727912","https://openalex.org/W4402727915","https://openalex.org/W4402727930","https://openalex.org/W4402733569","https://openalex.org/W4402733571","https://openalex.org/W4402753509","https://openalex.org/W4402753521","https://openalex.org/W4402753537","https://openalex.org/W4402753649","https://openalex.org/W4402753761","https://openalex.org/W4402753800","https://openalex.org/W4402753826","https://openalex.org/W4402753834","https://openalex.org/W4402754019","https://openalex.org/W4402754045","https://openalex.org/W4402754225","https://openalex.org/W4402771875","https://openalex.org/W4402775731","https://openalex.org/W4402777641","https://openalex.org/W4402783077","https://openalex.org/W4402916615","https://openalex.org/W4403069195","https://openalex.org/W4403562099","https://openalex.org/W4403990489","https://openalex.org/W4404002612","https://openalex.org/W4404526364","https://openalex.org/W4404545288","https://openalex.org/W4404654733","https://openalex.org/W4404965297","https://openalex.org/W4404971322","https://openalex.org/W4407246165","https://openalex.org/W4409346685","https://openalex.org/W4409561150","https://openalex.org/W4410204460","https://openalex.org/W6679952909","https://openalex.org/W6687484953","https://openalex.org/W6764040762","https://openalex.org/W6797287471","https://openalex.org/W6797770180","https://openalex.org/W6843813467","https://openalex.org/W6847671982","https://openalex.org/W6850633838","https://openalex.org/W6852148382","https://openalex.org/W6853787859","https://openalex.org/W6855921447","https://openalex.org/W6856762916","https://openalex.org/W6857808188","https://openalex.org/W6858397111","https://openalex.org/W6858443461","https://openalex.org/W6858555619","https://openalex.org/W6858704858","https://openalex.org/W6858851893","https://openalex.org/W6858942614","https://openalex.org/W6858942823","https://openalex.org/W6859086659","https://openalex.org/W6859214663","https://openalex.org/W6859253671","https://openalex.org/W6859288332","https://openalex.org/W6859420919","https://openalex.org/W6859428840","https://openalex.org/W6859619647","https://openalex.org/W6859676085","https://openalex.org/W6859827067","https://openalex.org/W6860006297","https://openalex.org/W6860217023","https://openalex.org/W6860494824","https://openalex.org/W6860761745","https://openalex.org/W6860818460","https://openalex.org/W6861208599","https://openalex.org/W6861240553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2775347418","https://openalex.org/W1969923398","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2079911747"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"3D":[0,17,107],"Gaussian":[1,108],"Splatting":[2,109],"(3D-GS)":[3],"has":[4,35],"emerged":[5],"as":[6,42],"a":[7,54,68,112],"significant":[8],"advancement":[9],"in":[10,39,63],"the":[11,28,57,75,80,93,103],"field":[12],"of":[13,71,96,106],"computer":[14],"graphics":[15],"and":[16,23,48,60,87,110],"vision,":[18],"offering":[19],"explicit":[20],"scene":[21],"representation":[22],"novel":[24],"view":[25],"synthesis":[26],"without":[27],"reliance":[29],"on":[30,85],"neural":[31],"networks.":[32],"This":[33],"technique":[34],"found":[36],"diverse":[37],"applications":[38],"areas":[40],"such":[41],"robotics,":[43],"urban":[44],"mapping,":[45],"autonomous":[46],"navigation,":[47],"virtual":[49],"reality/augmented":[50],"reality,":[51],"just":[52],"name":[53],"few.":[55],"Given":[56],"growing":[58],"popularity":[59],"expanding":[61],"research":[62,120],"3D-GS,":[64],"this":[65],"paper":[66],"presents":[67],"comprehensive":[69],"survey":[70,81,99],"relevant":[72],"papers":[73],"from":[74],"past":[76],"year.":[77],"We":[78],"organize":[79],"into":[82],"taxonomies":[83],"based":[84],"characteristics":[86],"applications,":[88],"providing":[89],"an":[90],"introduction":[91],"to":[92,101],"theoretical":[94,104],"underpinnings":[95],"3D-GS.":[97],"The":[98],"aims":[100],"introduce":[102],"foundations":[105],"provide":[111],"reference":[113],"for":[114],"new":[115],"researchers":[116],"while":[117],"inspiring":[118],"future":[119],"directions.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":85},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2024-02-14T00:00:00"}