{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388286229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3329817","title":"GR-PSN: Learning to Estimate Surface Normal and Reconstruct Photometric Stereo Images","display_name":"GR-PSN: Learning to Estimate Surface Normal and Reconstruct Photometric Stereo Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388286229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3329817","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37922172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3329817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3329817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/GR-PSN_Learning_to_Estimate_Surface_Normal_and_Reconstruct_Photometric_Stereo_Images/24463159","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086183661","display_name":"Yakun Ju","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-4108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yakun Ju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-4108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038326097","display_name":"Boxin Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6749-0364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boxin Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory for Multimedia Information Processing and National Engineering Research Center of Visual Technology, School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6749-0364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory for Multimedia Information Processing and National Engineering Research Center of Visual Technology, School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092150892","display_name":"Yang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6410-0922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6410-0922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066119228","display_name":"Huiyu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1634-9840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huiyu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1634-9840","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029633264","display_name":"Junyu Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7012-2087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyu Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7012-2087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019678322","display_name":"Kin\u2010Man Lam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0422-8454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kin-Man Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0422-8454","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086183661"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.3113,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99165324,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"9","first_page":"6192","last_page":"6207"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.7875708341598511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7778937816619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.714991569519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photometric-stereo","display_name":"Photometric stereo","score":0.7046998143196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.693777322769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-reconstruction","display_name":"Surface reconstruction","score":0.645102858543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normal","display_name":"Normal","score":0.5874261856079102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.538558304309845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.5342390537261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encode","display_name":"ENCODE","score":0.42527398467063904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.38853079080581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2540588974952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1627621352672577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.13294824957847595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.7875708341598511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7778937816619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.714991569519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44365914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17120636","display_name":"Photometric stereo","level":3,"score":0.7046998143196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.693777322769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20885615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q825595","display_name":"Surface reconstruction","level":3,"score":0.645102858543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118732077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273176","display_name":"Normal","level":3,"score":0.5874261856079102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.538558304309845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5342390537261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.42527398467063904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.38853079080581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2540588974952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1627621352672577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.13294824957847595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3329817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3329817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37922172","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37922172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24463159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/GR-PSN_Learning_to_Estimate_Surface_Normal_and_Reconstruct_Photometric_Stereo_Images/24463159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24463159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/GR-PSN_Learning_to_Estimate_Surface_Normal_and_Reconstruct_Photometric_Stereo_Images/24463159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2340980262","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41927805","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335765","funder_display_name":"National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Projects of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3598382722","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62136001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3833898155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62088102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G66877239","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372306","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335765","display_name":"National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Projects of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487520337","https://openalex.org/W1649524717","https://openalex.org/W1969520253","https://openalex.org/W1975089519","https://openalex.org/W1977213188","https://openalex.org/W1978356057","https://openalex.org/W2006221045","https://openalex.org/W2009422376","https://openalex.org/W2028482684","https://openalex.org/W2076130323","https://openalex.org/W2085608034","https://openalex.org/W2112668648","https://openalex.org/W2121649761","https://openalex.org/W2125389028","https://openalex.org/W2134019950","https://openalex.org/W2143979639","https://openalex.org/W2161810906","https://openalex.org/W2766067961","https://openalex.org/W2787460109","https://openalex.org/W2883403932","https://openalex.org/W2884608015","https://openalex.org/W2889383273","https://openalex.org/W2896012898","https://openalex.org/W2913356849","https://openalex.org/W2942074357","https://openalex.org/W2948619611","https://openalex.org/W2954058873","https://openalex.org/W2963002018","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964094607","https://openalex.org/W2990635811","https://openalex.org/W3005895305","https://openalex.org/W3016297894","https://openalex.org/W3016681447","https://openalex.org/W3017337934","https://openalex.org/W3034637632","https://openalex.org/W3035523051","https://openalex.org/W3038916430","https://openalex.org/W3039644234","https://openalex.org/W3048528006","https://openalex.org/W3087047746","https://openalex.org/W3087588036","https://openalex.org/W3103075818","https://openalex.org/W3116507971","https://openalex.org/W3116615756","https://openalex.org/W3121558549","https://openalex.org/W3122589227","https://openalex.org/W3134419943","https://openalex.org/W3178668604","https://openalex.org/W3180568414","https://openalex.org/W3206399630","https://openalex.org/W3209361581","https://openalex.org/W4200133092","https://openalex.org/W4210427181","https://openalex.org/W4224920417","https://openalex.org/W4225522995","https://openalex.org/W4226254153","https://openalex.org/W4297239163","https://openalex.org/W4309803478","https://openalex.org/W4312303364","https://openalex.org/W4312541144","https://openalex.org/W4312737787","https://openalex.org/W4380880261","https://openalex.org/W4383752898","https://openalex.org/W4385569638","https://openalex.org/W4394744352","https://openalex.org/W6678815747","https://openalex.org/W6752165588","https://openalex.org/W6785375044","https://openalex.org/W6786204284","https://openalex.org/W6846926036"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2474450142","https://openalex.org/W2147504644","https://openalex.org/W2013258419","https://openalex.org/W2033176506","https://openalex.org/W4223522845","https://openalex.org/W2071501285","https://openalex.org/W2116599779","https://openalex.org/W2504044873","https://openalex.org/W13266374","https://openalex.org/W2038078979"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,84],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,86],"propose":[4],"a":[5,66,89,191],"novel":[6],"method,":[7],"namely":[8,120],"GR-PSN,":[9],"which":[10,44],"learns":[11],"surface":[12,31,76,156,176,193],"normals":[13,157],"from":[14,26],"photometric":[15,21],"stereo":[16],"images":[17,22,170],"and":[18,30,42,51,75,126,136,167,196],"generates":[19],"the":[20,113,121,132,137,155,172],"under":[23],"distant":[24],"illumination":[25],"different":[27,117,203],"lighting":[28,74],"directions":[29],"materials.":[32,177,204],"The":[33],"framework":[34,91],"is":[35,109],"composed":[36],"of":[37,158,165,171],"two":[38,95],"subnetworks,":[39],"named":[40],"GeometryNet":[41],"ReconstructNet,":[43,79,140],"are":[45],"cascaded":[46],"to":[47,80,92,141],"perform":[48],"shape":[49],"reconstruction":[50,124],"image":[52],"rendering":[53,199],"in":[54,78],"an":[55,99,102,159,162],"end-to-end":[56],"manner.":[57],"ReconstructNet":[58],"introduces":[59],"additional":[60,103],"supervision":[61,114],"for":[62,98,145],"surface-normal":[63,122,134],"recovery,":[64],"forming":[65],"closed-loop":[67],"structure":[68],"with":[69,161,174],"GeometryNet.":[70],"We":[71,129],"also":[72],"encode":[73],"reflectance":[77],"achieve":[81,142],"arbitrary":[82,96,163,175],"rendering.":[83],"training,":[85],"set":[87],"up":[88],"parallel":[90],"simultaneously":[93],"learn":[94],"materials":[97],"object,":[100],"providing":[101],"transform":[104,127],"loss.":[105,128],"Therefore,":[106],"our":[107,150,183],"method":[108,151,185],"trained":[110],"based":[111,189],"on":[112,190,201],"by":[115],"three":[116],"loss":[118],"functions,":[119],"loss,":[123,125],"alternately":[130],"input":[131],"predicted":[133],"map":[135],"ground-truth":[138],"into":[139],"stable":[143],"training":[144],"ReconstructNet.":[146],"Experiments":[147],"show":[148,181],"that":[149,182],"can":[152,168],"accurately":[153],"recover":[154],"object":[160,173],"number":[164],"inputs,":[166],"re-render":[169],"Extensive":[178],"experimental":[179],"results":[180,200],"proposed":[184],"outperforms":[186],"those":[187],"methods":[188],"single":[192],"recovery":[194],"network":[195],"shows":[197],"realistic":[198],"100":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}