{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387934929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3327168","title":"PromptMagician: Interactive Prompt Engineering for Text-to-Image Creation","display_name":"PromptMagician: Interactive Prompt Engineering for Text-to-Image Creation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387934929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3327168","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37878445"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3327168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3327168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028110202","display_name":"Yingchaojie Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1418-4635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yingchaojie Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086326351","display_name":"Xingbo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-1128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingbo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085890755","display_name":"Wong Kam-Kwai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2813-1972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kam Kwai Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100321897","display_name":"Sijia Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9204-1508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sijia Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001555038","display_name":"Yuhong Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhong Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010441587","display_name":"Minfeng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6711-3099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minfeng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114093843","display_name":"Baicheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8213-4636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baicheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100344494","display_name":"Wei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8365-4741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, China","Laboratory of Art and Archaeology Image, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of CAD&amp;CG, Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Art and Archaeology Image, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028110202"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.9751,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":109,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99248366,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9699000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8923435211181641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.6598145365715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.6591999530792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.5517044067382812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.5193832516670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5183373689651489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4894064962863922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.4851866364479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4252296984195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.36689916253089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3482511043548584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1165439784526825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8923435211181641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.6598145365715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.6591999530792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.5517044067382812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.5193832516670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5183373689651489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4894064962863922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4851866364479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4252296984195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.36689916253089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3482511043548584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1165439784526825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3327168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3327168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37878445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37878445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-135670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-135670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987489060","https://openalex.org/W2027507818","https://openalex.org/W2084235337","https://openalex.org/W2087641817","https://openalex.org/W2119193164","https://openalex.org/W2124262094","https://openalex.org/W2141983208","https://openalex.org/W2143017621","https://openalex.org/W2168543113","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2274505579","https://openalex.org/W2565312867","https://openalex.org/W2803808737","https://openalex.org/W2887175137","https://openalex.org/W2950509337","https://openalex.org/W2964024144","https://openalex.org/W2965507238","https://openalex.org/W2966792645","https://openalex.org/W3035064657","https://openalex.org/W3044438666","https://openalex.org/W3090556797","https://openalex.org/W3092347923","https://openalex.org/W3098267758","https://openalex.org/W3167602185","https://openalex.org/W3172642864","https://openalex.org/W3173683732","https://openalex.org/W3173777717","https://openalex.org/W3175133585","https://openalex.org/W3176622443","https://openalex.org/W3199400376","https://openalex.org/W3203255635","https://openalex.org/W3203321135","https://openalex.org/W3204047821","https://openalex.org/W3211561717","https://openalex.org/W3217080668","https://openalex.org/W4200283487","https://openalex.org/W4205342995","https://openalex.org/W4205991051","https://openalex.org/W4221152062","https://openalex.org/W4224035735","https://openalex.org/W4224246038","https://openalex.org/W4225004658","https://openalex.org/W4225080353","https://openalex.org/W4225292424","https://openalex.org/W4226278401","https://openalex.org/W4226351013","https://openalex.org/W4288329573","https://openalex.org/W4289600032","https://openalex.org/W4297459897","https://openalex.org/W4297460875","https://openalex.org/W4297461125","https://openalex.org/W4301393026","https://openalex.org/W4302276590","https://openalex.org/W4303440777","https://openalex.org/W4304701343","https://openalex.org/W4307475428","https://openalex.org/W4312053697","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4318621382","https://openalex.org/W4321021727","https://openalex.org/W4321472415","https://openalex.org/W4380049515","https://openalex.org/W4382462760","https://openalex.org/W4385535562","https://openalex.org/W4385570204","https://openalex.org/W4387885961","https://openalex.org/W4390873054","https://openalex.org/W4394591457","https://openalex.org/W4394841729","https://openalex.org/W4399398152","https://openalex.org/W6679045638","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6779823529","https://openalex.org/W6783713337","https://openalex.org/W6791353385","https://openalex.org/W6809885388","https://openalex.org/W6810152480","https://openalex.org/W6810537380","https://openalex.org/W6810738896","https://openalex.org/W6810940779","https://openalex.org/W6839020486","https://openalex.org/W6845281891","https://openalex.org/W6846236161","https://openalex.org/W6846948161","https://openalex.org/W6849864990","https://openalex.org/W6852246791","https://openalex.org/W6854204466","https://openalex.org/W6855045419"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368605798","https://openalex.org/W2518037665","https://openalex.org/W2348524959","https://openalex.org/W2368049389","https://openalex.org/W2170801710","https://openalex.org/W2384861574","https://openalex.org/W2952704802","https://openalex.org/W4294565801","https://openalex.org/W1516679419","https://openalex.org/W190396239"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generative":[0],"text-to-image":[1,153],"models":[2],"have":[3],"gained":[4],"great":[5],"popularity":[6],"among":[7],"the":[8,35,54,59,103,107,133,147,151],"public":[9],"for":[10,27,102,120],"their":[11],"powerful":[12],"capability":[13],"to":[14,34],"generate":[15],"high-quality":[16],"images":[17,29,109],"based":[18],"on":[19],"natural":[20,40],"language":[21],"prompts.":[22,61],"However,":[23],"developing":[24],"effective":[25],"prompts":[26,75],"desired":[28],"can":[30],"be":[31],"challenging":[32],"due":[33],"complexity":[36],"and":[37,57,84,88,110,113,129,135,145],"ambiguity":[38],"of":[39,64,106,137,150],"language.":[41],"This":[42],"research":[43],"proposes":[44],"PromptMagician,":[45],"a":[46,68,99,126],"visual":[47],"analysis":[48],"system":[49,66],"that":[50,72],"helps":[51],"users":[52,115],"explore":[53],"image":[55],"results":[56],"refine":[58],"input":[60],"The":[62],"backbone":[63],"our":[65,138],"is":[67],"prompt":[69,90,95,143],"recommendation":[70],"model":[71],"takes":[73],"user":[74,127],"as":[76],"input,":[77],"retrieves":[78],"similar":[79],"prompt-image":[80],"pairs":[81],"from":[82],"DiffusionDB,":[83],"identifies":[85],"special":[86],"(important":[87],"relevant)":[89],"keywords.":[91],"To":[92],"facilitate":[93],"interactive":[94],"refinement,":[96],"PromptMagician":[97],"introduces":[98],"multi-level":[100],"visualization":[101],"cross-modal":[104],"embedding":[105],"retrieved":[108],"recommended":[111],"keywords,":[112],"supports":[114],"in":[116],"specifying":[117],"multiple":[118],"criteria":[119],"personalized":[121],"exploration.":[122],"Two":[123],"usage":[124],"scenarios,":[125],"study,":[128],"expert":[130],"interviews":[131],"demonstrate":[132],"effectiveness":[134],"usability":[136],"system,":[139],"suggesting":[140],"it":[141],"facilitates":[142],"engineering":[144],"improves":[146],"creativity":[148],"support":[149],"generative":[152],"model.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
