{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387299965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3320214","title":"Understanding Effects of Visual Feedback Delay in AR on Fine Motor Surgical Tasks","display_name":"Understanding Effects of Visual Feedback Delay in AR on Fine Motor Surgical Tasks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387299965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3320214","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37788206"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3320214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3320214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100638828","display_name":"Talha Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1552-2728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Talha Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, School of Computing and Information, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1552-2728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, School of Computing and Information, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103027583","display_name":"Toby Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9264-9701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134769","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04ehecz88","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098814","https://openalex.org/I4210134769"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toby S. Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, School of Medicine, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, School of Medicine, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134769"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003128610","display_name":"Thomas R. Downes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9877-7601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Downes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, School of Computing and Information, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, School of Computing and Information, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064383597","display_name":"Lucille Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2407-0516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134769","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04ehecz88","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098814","https://openalex.org/I4210134769"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucille Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, School of Medicine, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, School of Medicine, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134769"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021638940","display_name":"Nicol\u00e1s M. Kass","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2968-1253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134769","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04ehecz88","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098814","https://openalex.org/I4210134769"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicol\u00e1s M. Kass","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, School of Medicine, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, School of Medicine, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134769"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104288868","display_name":"Edward G. Andrews","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134769","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04ehecz88","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098814","https://openalex.org/I4210134769"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward G. Andrews","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, School of Medicine, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, School of Medicine, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134769"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062399509","display_name":"Jacob T. Biehl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3878-5208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob T. Biehl","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, School of Computing and Information, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, School of Computing and Information, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1373,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93554397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"11","first_page":"4697","last_page":"4707"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.8312784433364868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7255500555038452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5961268544197083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5364371538162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5060459971427917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.4980640411376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4558786451816559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.23197662830352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.09272560477256775}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.8312784433364868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7255500555038452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5961268544197083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5364371538162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5060459971427917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.4980640411376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4558786451816559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.23197662830352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.09272560477256775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000081411","descriptor_name":"Augmented Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081411","descriptor_name":"Augmented Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081411","descriptor_name":"Augmented Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056228","descriptor_name":"Feedback, Sensory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056228","descriptor_name":"Feedback, Sensory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056228","descriptor_name":"Feedback, Sensory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066231","descriptor_name":"Surgeons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D066231","descriptor_name":"Surgeons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D066231","descriptor_name":"Surgeons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3320214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3320214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37788206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37788206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480730167","https://openalex.org/W1906907623","https://openalex.org/W1919927951","https://openalex.org/W1973027836","https://openalex.org/W1981075443","https://openalex.org/W1982727875","https://openalex.org/W1982974025","https://openalex.org/W1985144736","https://openalex.org/W1989808394","https://openalex.org/W2009356852","https://openalex.org/W2011433748","https://openalex.org/W2016954168","https://openalex.org/W2021845646","https://openalex.org/W2057281092","https://openalex.org/W2060066212","https://openalex.org/W2068596109","https://openalex.org/W2087484885","https://openalex.org/W2091631669","https://openalex.org/W2092863378","https://openalex.org/W2102185825","https://openalex.org/W2106572990","https://openalex.org/W2109988760","https://openalex.org/W2111751370","https://openalex.org/W2113702535","https://openalex.org/W2122122381","https://openalex.org/W2126233790","https://openalex.org/W2131861451","https://openalex.org/W2133011470","https://openalex.org/W2133739410","https://openalex.org/W2134783269","https://openalex.org/W2136525163","https://openalex.org/W2144156073","https://openalex.org/W2151605887","https://openalex.org/W2159971492","https://openalex.org/W2163880280","https://openalex.org/W2165422547","https://openalex.org/W2167792477","https://openalex.org/W2297924971","https://openalex.org/W2307385607","https://openalex.org/W2410951191","https://openalex.org/W2472455057","https://openalex.org/W2548302958","https://openalex.org/W2582026229","https://openalex.org/W2587253245","https://openalex.org/W2755989426","https://openalex.org/W2763751100","https://openalex.org/W2796193679","https://openalex.org/W2915412380","https://openalex.org/W2941794890","https://openalex.org/W2969102223","https://openalex.org/W2982768411","https://openalex.org/W2995435724","https://openalex.org/W3034042169","https://openalex.org/W3036893978","https://openalex.org/W3145351892","https://openalex.org/W3162567788","https://openalex.org/W3177402923","https://openalex.org/W3197372608","https://openalex.org/W3215105773","https://openalex.org/W4234294954","https://openalex.org/W4236026354","https://openalex.org/W4248238768","https://openalex.org/W4283326255","https://openalex.org/W4288079701","https://openalex.org/W4306762219","https://openalex.org/W6600894561","https://openalex.org/W6602422659","https://openalex.org/W6605994014"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172197285","https://openalex.org/W2991048842","https://openalex.org/W2750280393","https://openalex.org/W2355696739","https://openalex.org/W3158001554","https://openalex.org/W2771909920","https://openalex.org/W2957704286","https://openalex.org/W1990434954","https://openalex.org/W2116558157","https://openalex.org/W3196817267"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Latency":[0],"is":[1,54],"a":[2,56,98,109],"pervasive":[3],"issue":[4],"in":[5,30,58,69,135,177,211],"various":[6],"systems":[7],"that":[8,33,117],"can":[9,21],"significantly":[10],"impact":[11,125],"motor":[12,84,126],"performance":[13,86,183],"and":[14,39,87,108,122,128,169,199,207],"user":[15,37],"perception.":[16],"In":[17],"medical":[18,70],"settings,":[19],"latency":[20,82,121,176,195],"hinder":[22],"surgeons'":[23],"ability":[24],"to":[25,75,144,147,165],"quickly":[26],"correct":[27],"movements,":[28],"resulting":[29],"an":[31,104],"experience":[32],"doesn't":[34],"align":[35],"with":[36],"expectations":[38],"standards":[40],"of":[41,51,65,120,174,181,194,209],"care.":[42],"Despite":[43],"numerous":[44],"studies":[45],"reporting":[46],"on":[47,94,131,155,184],"the":[48,63,132,156,175,178,204],"negative":[49],"effects":[50],"latency,":[52,151],"there":[53],"still":[55],"gap":[57,78],"understanding":[59],"how":[60,81],"it":[61],"impacts":[62,83],"use":[64,208],"augmented":[66],"reality":[67],"(AR)":[68],"settings.":[71,213],"This":[72],"study":[73,187],"aims":[74],"address":[76],"this":[77],"by":[79],"examining":[80],"task":[85],"subjective":[88],"perceptions,":[89],"such":[90],"as":[91],"cognitive":[92,140],"load,":[93],"two":[95],"display":[96,123,148],"types:":[97],"monitor":[99],"display,":[100],"traditionally":[101],"used":[102],"inside":[103],"operating":[105],"room":[106],"(OR),":[107],"Microsoft":[110],"HoloLens":[111,133],"2":[112],"display.":[113],"Our":[114,186],"findings":[115],"indicate":[116],"both":[118],"level":[119],"type":[124,149],"performance,":[127],"higher":[129],"latencies":[130],"result":[134],"relatively":[136],"poor":[137],"performance.":[138],"However,":[139],"load":[141],"was":[142,153],"found":[143],"be":[145],"unrelated":[146],"or":[150],"but":[152],"dependent":[154],"surgeon's":[157],"training":[158],"level.":[159],"Surgeons":[160],"did":[161],"not":[162],"compromise":[163],"accuracy":[164],"gain":[166],"more":[167],"speed":[168],"were":[170],"generally":[171],"well":[172],"aware":[173],"system":[179],"irrespective":[180],"their":[182],"task.":[185],"provides":[188],"valuable":[189],"insights":[190],"into":[191],"acceptable":[192],"thresholds":[193],"for":[196,203],"AR":[197,210],"displays":[198],"proposes":[200],"design":[201],"implications":[202],"successful":[205],"implementation":[206],"surgical":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T07:44:22.658603","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}