{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386598185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3313729","title":"Reinforced Labels: Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Point-Feature Label Placement","display_name":"Reinforced Labels: Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Point-Feature Label Placement","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386598185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3313729","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37695975"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3313729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3313729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056456270","display_name":"Petr Bob\u00e1k","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1914-4592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Petr Bob\u00e1k","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007501711","display_name":"Ladislav \u010cmol\u00edk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8546-6568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ladislav \u010cmol\u00edk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005276726","display_name":"Martin \u010cad\u00edk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7058-9912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin \u010cad\u00edk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056456270"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8609,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75671699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"9","first_page":"5908","last_page":"5922"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11245","display_name":"Advanced Numerical Analysis Techniques","score":0.9697999954223633,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7996420860290527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.692586362361908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6081812381744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6037470102310181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.5049026608467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4446990191936493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3430878520011902}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7996420860290527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.692586362361908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6081812381744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6037470102310181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5049026608467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4446990191936493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3430878520011902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3313729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3313729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37695975","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37695975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W21349157","https://openalex.org/W1553915811","https://openalex.org/W1776409532","https://openalex.org/W1969744418","https://openalex.org/W1985369116","https://openalex.org/W2000080109","https://openalex.org/W2004429961","https://openalex.org/W2069559103","https://openalex.org/W2104936608","https://openalex.org/W2115085978","https://openalex.org/W2141138580","https://openalex.org/W2150801382","https://openalex.org/W2155007355","https://openalex.org/W2159205115","https://openalex.org/W2163371195","https://openalex.org/W2169753586","https://openalex.org/W2344786740","https://openalex.org/W2508540219","https://openalex.org/W2601066903","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2742434688","https://openalex.org/W2771336083","https://openalex.org/W2892051885","https://openalex.org/W2945328166","https://openalex.org/W2962977206","https://openalex.org/W2964005892","https://openalex.org/W2966386095","https://openalex.org/W2970834748","https://openalex.org/W3043397348","https://openalex.org/W3049717580","https://openalex.org/W3092167326","https://openalex.org/W3093051694","https://openalex.org/W3100789280","https://openalex.org/W3123589309","https://openalex.org/W3126935378","https://openalex.org/W3159394994","https://openalex.org/W3166816823","https://openalex.org/W3169230937","https://openalex.org/W3171752851","https://openalex.org/W3177093812","https://openalex.org/W3193434907","https://openalex.org/W3203985984","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4226111799","https://openalex.org/W4245143546","https://openalex.org/W4282592813","https://openalex.org/W4297732020","https://openalex.org/W6600907350","https://openalex.org/W6603107967","https://openalex.org/W6627932998","https://openalex.org/W6674885314","https://openalex.org/W6682849425","https://openalex.org/W6683922350","https://openalex.org/W6714477741","https://openalex.org/W6738796088","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6752963931","https://openalex.org/W6754964036","https://openalex.org/W6780559895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4391331176","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W39961996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,70,74,82,119,127,135,147,159,164,175,203,210,213,221,228,236,242,246],"recent":[2],"years,":[3],"Reinforcement":[4,33,66],"Learning":[5,9,34,67],"combined":[6],"with":[7],"Deep":[8,65],"techniques":[10],"has":[11],"successfully":[12],"proven":[13],"to":[14,36,51,68,81,201,216],"solve":[15],"complex":[16,40],"problems":[17],"in":[18,42,79,142,180,235,241],"various":[19],"domains,":[20],"including":[21],"robotics,":[22],"self-driving":[23],"cars,":[24],"and":[25,54,134,182,192],"finance.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28],"article,":[29],"we":[30,94,196],"are":[31],"introducing":[32],"(RL)":[35],"label":[37,60,71],"placement,":[38],"a":[39,103,106,108,198],"task":[41],"data":[43],"visualization":[44],"that":[45,112,118,209,227],"seeks":[46],"optimal":[47],"positioning":[48],"for":[49,105,172],"labels":[50],"avoid":[52],"overlap":[53],"ensure":[55],"legibility.":[56],"Our":[57,115],"novel":[58],"point-feature":[59],"placement":[61,72],"method":[62,124,161,169,215],"utilizes":[63],"Multi-Agent":[64],"learn":[69],"strategy,":[73],"first":[75],"machine-learning-driven":[76],"labeling":[77,176],"method,":[78],"contrast":[80],"existing":[83],"hand-crafted":[84],"algorithms":[85],"designed":[86,138],"by":[87,122,139,245],"human":[88,140],"experts.":[89],"To":[90],"facilitate":[91],"RL":[92],"learning,":[93],"developed":[95],"an":[96,99,131],"environment":[97],"where":[98,174],"agent":[100,133],"acts":[101],"as":[102,187],"proxy":[104],"label,":[107],"short":[109],"textual":[110],"annotation":[111],"augments":[113],"visualization.":[114],"results":[116],"show":[117],"strategy":[120,129],"trained":[121],"our":[123,168],"significantly":[125,218],"outperforms":[126],"random":[128],"of":[130,144,149],"untrained":[132],"compared":[136,165],"methods":[137],"experts":[141],"terms":[143],"completeness":[145,183,230],"(i.e.,":[146],"number":[148],"placed":[150],"labels).":[151],"The":[152,206],"trade-off":[153],"is":[154,170,184,231],"increased":[155],"computation":[156],"time,":[157],"making":[158],"proposed":[160,214],"slower":[162],"than":[163,220],"methods.":[166,224],"Nevertheless,":[167],"ideal":[171],"scenarios":[173],"can":[177],"be":[178,217],"computed":[179],"advance,":[181],"essential,":[185],"such":[186],"cartographic":[188],"maps,":[189],"technical":[190],"drawings,":[191],"medical":[193],"atlases.":[194],"Additionally,":[195],"conducted":[197],"user":[199],"study":[200],"assess":[202],"perceived":[204],"performance.":[205],"outcomes":[207],"revealed":[208],"participants":[211],"considered":[212],"better":[219],"other":[222],"examined":[223],"This":[225],"indicates":[226],"improved":[229],"not":[232],"just":[233],"reflected":[234],"quantitative":[237],"metrics":[238],"but":[239],"also":[240],"subjective":[243],"evaluation":[244],"participants.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}