{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321488069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3247058","title":"Leveling the Playing Field: A Comparative Reevaluation of Unmodified Eye Tracking as an Input and Interaction Modality for VR","display_name":"Leveling the Playing Field: A Comparative Reevaluation of Unmodified Eye Tracking as an Input and Interaction Modality for VR","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321488069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3247058","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37027619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3247058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3247058","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/2945/4359476/10049755.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/2945/4359476/10049755.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038076066","display_name":"Ajoy Savio Fernandes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4568-5812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128585","display_name":"META Health","ror":"https://ror.org/035h67p10","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128585"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajoy S. Fernandes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Reality Labs Research, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Reality Labs Research, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011286652","display_name":"T. Scott Murdison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7696-9702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128585","display_name":"META Health","ror":"https://ror.org/035h67p10","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128585"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Scott Murdison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Reality Labs, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Reality Labs, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128585"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035093993","display_name":"Michael J. Proulx","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4066-3645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128585","display_name":"META Health","ror":"https://ror.org/035h67p10","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128585"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Proulx","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Reality Labs Research, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Reality Labs Research, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128585"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128585"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.2884,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98221856,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"5","first_page":"2269","last_page":"2279"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.7255861759185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7248236536979675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/headset","display_name":"Headset","score":0.6705246567726135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5585193634033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5413496494293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saccadic-masking","display_name":"Saccadic masking","score":0.47043225169181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foveal","display_name":"Foveal","score":0.4426249861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.43647637963294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cursor","display_name":"Cursor (databases)","score":0.42976099252700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.3973945379257202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10423934459686279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.7255861759185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7248236536979675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780657452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193170","display_name":"Headset","level":2,"score":0.6705246567726135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5585193634033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5413496494293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11054436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7396580","display_name":"Saccadic masking","level":3,"score":0.47043225169181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30181142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865103","display_name":"Foveal","level":3,"score":0.4426249861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.43647637963294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2998101","display_name":"Cursor (databases)","level":2,"score":0.42976099252700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.3973945379257202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10423934459686279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3247058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3247058","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/2945/4359476/10049755.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37027619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37027619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3247058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2023.3247058","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/2945/4359476/10049755.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G487895436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/T022523/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W138004322","https://openalex.org/W299701521","https://openalex.org/W1510226565","https://openalex.org/W1838803699","https://openalex.org/W1973070506","https://openalex.org/W1973427237","https://openalex.org/W2000652730","https://openalex.org/W2008517591","https://openalex.org/W2021188996","https://openalex.org/W2031781307","https://openalex.org/W2033937490","https://openalex.org/W2047026198","https://openalex.org/W2050706147","https://openalex.org/W2051228787","https://openalex.org/W2075218762","https://openalex.org/W2080401675","https://openalex.org/W2104806923","https://openalex.org/W2110091107","https://openalex.org/W2110228188","https://openalex.org/W2110964220","https://openalex.org/W2114663654","https://openalex.org/W2125118370","https://openalex.org/W2126889951","https://openalex.org/W2136195777","https://openalex.org/W2139419943","https://openalex.org/W2142191282","https://openalex.org/W2146600920","https://openalex.org/W2153657884","https://openalex.org/W2401398128","https://openalex.org/W2582663318","https://openalex.org/W2604150046","https://openalex.org/W2623886678","https://openalex.org/W2724359286","https://openalex.org/W2762185336","https://openalex.org/W2788256404","https://openalex.org/W2796228338","https://openalex.org/W2805401437","https://openalex.org/W2891408446","https://openalex.org/W2901616108","https://openalex.org/W2941263284","https://openalex.org/W2946834573","https://openalex.org/W2947280770","https://openalex.org/W2967482815","https://openalex.org/W2969615259","https://openalex.org/W2975792903","https://openalex.org/W3004518609","https://openalex.org/W3033736639","https://openalex.org/W3048921023","https://openalex.org/W3152694101","https://openalex.org/W4206579740","https://openalex.org/W4211152336","https://openalex.org/W4224993553","https://openalex.org/W4237200265","https://openalex.org/W4239127880","https://openalex.org/W4283657650","https://openalex.org/W4283710239","https://openalex.org/W4285508994","https://openalex.org/W4292362189","https://openalex.org/W4312607836","https://openalex.org/W6606474338","https://openalex.org/W6748504987","https://openalex.org/W6793772437"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2549567669","https://openalex.org/W2323345712","https://openalex.org/W104838418","https://openalex.org/W1532889363","https://openalex.org/W4292416459","https://openalex.org/W1442296113","https://openalex.org/W2970247158","https://openalex.org/W4220921009","https://openalex.org/W2002965630","https://openalex.org/W2914733726"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,74],"this":[1,151,244],"study,":[2,156],"we":[3,103,149,157],"establish":[4],"a":[5,75,107,135,140,154,166,226,249],"much-needed":[6],"baseline":[7,155,245],"for":[8],"evaluating":[9],"eye":[10,15,62,89,160,253],"tracking":[11,16,63,90,186,224],"interactions":[12,52,267],"using":[13,32],"an":[14,61],"enabled":[17],"Meta":[18],"Quest":[19],"2":[20],"VR":[21],"headset":[22],"with":[23,50,65,91,120,255],"30":[24],"participants.":[25],"Each":[26],"participant":[27],"went":[28],"through":[29],"1098":[30],"targets":[31,105,121],"multiple":[33],"conditions":[34],"representative":[35],"of":[36,165,196,243],"AR/VR":[37,51,270],"targeting":[38,76],"and":[39,46,60,77,93,117,142,175,199,203,208,220,232],"selecting":[40],"tasks,":[41],"including":[42],"both":[43,97],"traditional":[44],"standards":[45],"those":[47],"more":[48,122],"aligned":[49],"today.":[53],"We":[54],"use":[55],"circular":[56],"white":[57],"world-locked":[58],"targets,":[59],"system":[64],"sub-1-degree":[66],"mean":[67],"accuracy":[68],"errors":[69],"running":[70],"at":[71],"approximately":[72],"90Hz.":[73],"button":[78],"press":[79],"selection":[80,115],"task,":[81],"we,":[82],"by":[83,173,217],"design,":[84],"compare":[85],"completely":[86],"unadjusted,":[87],"cursor-less,":[88],"controller":[92,180,215,231],"head":[94,172,193,233,271],"tracking,":[95,161,254],"which":[96],"had":[98,187,209,225],"cursors.":[99],"Across":[100],"all":[101],"inputs,":[102],"presented":[104],"in":[106,183,194,265,268],"configuration":[108],"similar":[109,210],"to":[110,139,152,178,192,213],"the":[111,126,145,171,179,214,241],"ISO":[112],"9241-9":[113],"reciprocal":[114],"task":[116],"another":[118],"format":[119],"evenly":[123],"distributed":[124],"near":[125],"center.":[127],"Targets":[128],"were":[129],"laid":[130],"out":[131],"either":[132],"flat":[133],"on":[134],"plane":[136],"or":[137,168],"tangent":[138],"sphere":[141],"rotated":[143],"toward":[144],"user.":[146],"Even":[147],"though":[148],"intended":[150],"be":[153],"see":[158],"unmodified":[159],"without":[162],"any":[163],"form":[164],"cursor,":[167],"feedback,":[169],"outperformed":[170],"27.9%":[174],"performed":[176],"comparably":[177],"(5.63%":[181],"decrease)":[182],"throughput.":[184],"Eye":[185,223],"improved":[188],"subjective":[189],"ratings":[190,211],"relative":[191,212],"Ease":[195],"Use,":[197],"Adoption,":[198],"Fatigue":[200],"(66.4%,":[201],"89.8%,":[202],"116.1":[204],"%":[205],"improvements,":[206],"respectively)":[207],"(reduction":[216],"4.2%,":[218],"8.9%,":[219],"5.2%":[221],"respectively).":[222,239],"higher":[227],"miss":[228],"percentage":[229],"than":[230],"(17.3%":[234],"vs":[235,237],"4.7%":[236],"7.2%":[238],"Collectively,":[240],"results":[242],"study":[246],"serve":[247],"as":[248],"strong":[250],"indicator":[251],"that":[252],"even":[256],"minor":[257],"sensible":[258],"interaction":[259],"design":[260],"modifications,":[261],"has":[262],"tremendous":[263],"potential":[264],"reshaping":[266],"next-generation":[269],"mounted":[272],"displays.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}