{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4294067894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2022.3203107","title":"Effects of Small Talk With a Crowd of Virtual Humans on Users' Emotional and Behavioral Responses","display_name":"Effects of Small Talk With a Crowd of Virtual Humans on Users' Emotional and Behavioral Responses","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4294067894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2022.3203107","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36049003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3203107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2022.3203107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035909228","display_name":"Xing-Da Jhan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing-Da Jhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073171708","display_name":"Sai\u2010Keung Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4248-0052"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sai-Keung Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015554087","display_name":"Elham Ebrahimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9431-557X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153901656","display_name":"University of North Carolina Wilmington","ror":"https://ror.org/02t0qr014","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elham Ebrahimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of North Carolina Wilmington, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of North Carolina Wilmington, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082609302","display_name":"Yuwen Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0136-4677"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuwen Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apex Material Technology Corp., China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apex Material Technology Corp., China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019961048","display_name":"Wei-Chia Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3844-9949"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Chia Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048214533","display_name":"Sabarish V. Babu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8348-0534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabarish V. Babu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Clemson University, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Clemson University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4327,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88707121,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"11","first_page":"3767","last_page":"3777"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.785724401473999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6343563795089722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entertainment","display_name":"Entertainment","score":0.6018508672714233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5175803899765015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.4796629250049591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4460954964160919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonverbal-communication","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","score":0.4271915853023529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4064632058143616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.38334009051322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.33170339465141296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.16483470797538757}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.785724401473999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6343563795089722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512170562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173799","display_name":"Entertainment","level":2,"score":0.6018508672714233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5175803899765015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4796629250049591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4460954964160919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145633318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","level":2,"score":0.4271915853023529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4064632058143616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.38334009051322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.33170339465141296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.16483470797538757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3203107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2022.3203107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36049003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36049003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1145104089","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"110-2811-E-009-508","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309618","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6032057406","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS 2007435","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6767227928","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"111-2811-E-A49-508","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309618","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G987707668","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"109-2221-E-009-121-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309618","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309618","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02b207r52"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":95,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W127470283","https://openalex.org/W132715318","https://openalex.org/W185759100","https://openalex.org/W625840618","https://openalex.org/W1495512916","https://openalex.org/W1539622780","https://openalex.org/W1544894162","https://openalex.org/W1555414560","https://openalex.org/W1571402986","https://openalex.org/W1575783360","https://openalex.org/W1639976873","https://openalex.org/W1880816927","https://openalex.org/W1938008383","https://openalex.org/W1963572206","https://openalex.org/W1971255755","https://openalex.org/W1979531823","https://openalex.org/W2002253374","https://openalex.org/W2012804445","https://openalex.org/W2014833927","https://openalex.org/W2018504681","https://openalex.org/W2021291367","https://openalex.org/W2022255693","https://openalex.org/W2028755160","https://openalex.org/W2040975718","https://openalex.org/W2044109807","https://openalex.org/W2048296355","https://openalex.org/W2049174585","https://openalex.org/W2055235810","https://openalex.org/W2059578248","https://openalex.org/W2061141931","https://openalex.org/W2064171501","https://openalex.org/W2065569793","https://openalex.org/W2066707529","https://openalex.org/W2067369167","https://openalex.org/W2069227632","https://openalex.org/W2069561489","https://openalex.org/W2080630161","https://openalex.org/W2084235337","https://openalex.org/W2087484885","https://openalex.org/W2094395890","https://openalex.org/W2099000601","https://openalex.org/W2101152687","https://openalex.org/W2107002552","https://openalex.org/W2107467683","https://openalex.org/W2108638838","https://openalex.org/W2110256717","https://openalex.org/W2116882756","https://openalex.org/W2121363179","https://openalex.org/W2123834143","https://openalex.org/W2131123711","https://openalex.org/W2138310865","https://openalex.org/W2171057921","https://openalex.org/W2292220267","https://openalex.org/W2328357704","https://openalex.org/W2563632900","https://openalex.org/W2758220497","https://openalex.org/W2783039930","https://openalex.org/W2811391847","https://openalex.org/W2889126180","https://openalex.org/W2889428601","https://openalex.org/W2901752164","https://openalex.org/W2902600484","https://openalex.org/W2909012414","https://openalex.org/W2922420542","https://openalex.org/W2933971837","https://openalex.org/W2969215297","https://openalex.org/W2973199880","https://openalex.org/W2973433792","https://openalex.org/W2991064100","https://openalex.org/W3014901790","https://openalex.org/W3023876185","https://openalex.org/W3025180561","https://openalex.org/W3033411150","https://openalex.org/W3033650389","https://openalex.org/W3094002217","https://openalex.org/W3104205004","https://openalex.org/W3120491243","https://openalex.org/W3160029724","https://openalex.org/W3162756544","https://openalex.org/W4200211655","https://openalex.org/W4205463391","https://openalex.org/W4211201290","https://openalex.org/W4224285696","https://openalex.org/W4236641312","https://openalex.org/W4237772098","https://openalex.org/W4247286306","https://openalex.org/W4292994367","https://openalex.org/W6605197631","https://openalex.org/W6632751195","https://openalex.org/W6675183465","https://openalex.org/W6676257847","https://openalex.org/W6767283644","https://openalex.org/W6777431842","https://openalex.org/W6778823374","https://openalex.org/W6785090365"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968552888","https://openalex.org/W1527532029","https://openalex.org/W2374116601","https://openalex.org/W3093134843","https://openalex.org/W2378167147","https://openalex.org/W3210777354","https://openalex.org/W2772323916","https://openalex.org/W2281307425","https://openalex.org/W1511346092","https://openalex.org/W2464405057"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"contribution,":[2],"we":[3],"empirically":[4],"investigated":[5],"the":[6,12,83,96,99,105,116,130,152,161,194,202,208,211,222],"effect":[7],"of":[8,24,49,68,118,151,160,207,226],"small":[9,69,76,100,112,139,197,227],"talk":[10,70,77,101,113,140,145,198],"on":[11,90],"users'":[13,165],"non-verbal":[14,205,212],"behaviors":[15,132,206,213],"and":[16,52,87,133,142,147,157,167,204,216],"emotions":[17,134,166,203],"when":[18,171],"users":[19,55,106,117,162],"interacted":[20],"with":[21,28,35,46,98,174,196],"a":[22,39,47,65,123,138,143],"crowd":[23,48],"virtual":[25,40,50],"humans":[26],"(VHs)":[27],"positive":[29],"behavioral":[30],"dispositions.":[31],"Users":[32],"were":[33,56,135],"tasked":[34],"collecting":[36],"items":[37],"in":[38,60,64,172,221],"marketplace":[41],"via":[42],"natural":[43,61],"speech-based":[44,62],"dialogue":[45,188],"pedestrians":[51],"vendors.":[53],"The":[54],"able":[57],"to":[58,110,127,163],"engage":[59],"conversation":[63,173],"predefined":[66],"corpus":[67],"content":[71],"that":[72,176,193],"covered":[73],"various":[74],"commonplace":[75],"topics":[78],"such":[79],"as":[80],"conversations":[81],"about":[82],"weather,":[84],"general":[85],"concerns,":[86],"entertainment":[88],"based":[89],"similar":[91],"real-life":[92],"situations.":[93],"For":[94],"instance,":[95],"VHs":[97,175,195],"ability":[102],"would":[103],"ask":[104],"some":[107],"simple":[108],"questions":[109],"make":[111],"or":[114,181,185,224],"remind":[115],"their":[119],"belongings.":[120],"We":[121,154],"conducted":[122],"between-subjects":[124],"empirical":[125],"evaluation":[126],"investigate":[128],"whether":[129],"user":[131],"different":[136],"between":[137,214],"condition":[141],"non-small":[144],"condition,":[146],"examined":[148],"gender":[149],"effects":[150],"participants.":[153],"collected":[155],"objective":[156],"subjective":[158],"measures":[159],"analyze":[164],"social":[168],"interaction":[169],"behaviors,":[170],"either":[177],"possessed":[178],"small-talk":[179],"capability":[180,199],"not,":[182],"besides":[183],"task":[184],"goal":[186],"oriented":[187],"capabilities.":[189],"Our":[190],"result":[191],"revealed":[192],"could":[200],"alter":[201],"users.":[209],"Furthermore,":[210],"female":[215],"male":[217],"participants":[218],"differed":[219],"greatly":[220],"presence":[223],"absence":[225],"talk.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}