{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4294068484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2022.3203101","title":"Efficient Flower Text Entry in Virtual Reality","display_name":"Efficient Flower Text Entry in Virtual Reality","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4294068484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2022.3203101","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36049000"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3203101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2022.3203101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011191769","display_name":"Jiaye Leng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6772-4124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaye Leng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100356421","display_name":"Lili Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1105-8542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165198","display_name":"Beijing Advanced Sciences and Innovation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qm21180","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lili Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shengzhen, China","Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1105-8542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shengzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165198","https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100393809","display_name":"Xiaolong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7772-9607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032326552","display_name":"Xuehuai Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuehuai Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100415842","display_name":"Miao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4102-8582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6912,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86268302,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"11","first_page":"3662","last_page":"3672"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11687","display_name":"Teleoperation and Haptic Systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/words-per-minute","display_name":"Words per minute","score":0.8240609169006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7911903858184814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-entry","display_name":"Text entry","score":0.7883189916610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6810053586959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.6340548396110535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6039589643478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-keyboard","display_name":"Virtual keyboard","score":0.6026294231414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5505833029747009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.49753621220588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3733314871788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.24161779880523682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07764872908592224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777970837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569389","display_name":"Words per minute","level":3,"score":0.8240609169006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7911903858184814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988504831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192366","display_name":"Text entry","level":2,"score":0.7883189916610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6810053586959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.6340548396110535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6039589643478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780367331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861170","display_name":"Virtual keyboard","level":2,"score":0.6026294231414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5505833029747009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.49753621220588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3733314871788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.24161779880523682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07764872908592224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006225","descriptor_name":"Hand","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006225","descriptor_name":"Hand","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006225","descriptor_name":"Hand","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060145","descriptor_name":"Text Messaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060145","descriptor_name":"Text Messaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060145","descriptor_name":"Text Messaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3203101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2022.3203101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36049000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36049000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3707655172","display_name":"\u590d\u6742\u865a\u62df\u573a\u666f\u591a\u5149\u6e90\u9ad8\u6548\u5efa\u6a21\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61772051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5158269727","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61932003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G713339519","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFC1521102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1417080164","https://openalex.org/W1984777169","https://openalex.org/W1996212617","https://openalex.org/W2002936267","https://openalex.org/W2015247397","https://openalex.org/W2103751734","https://openalex.org/W2117092977","https://openalex.org/W2118802962","https://openalex.org/W2127293444","https://openalex.org/W2151905266","https://openalex.org/W2242746777","https://openalex.org/W2345101311","https://openalex.org/W2532372538","https://openalex.org/W2602760996","https://openalex.org/W2610700031","https://openalex.org/W2611884327","https://openalex.org/W2621768709","https://openalex.org/W2731419753","https://openalex.org/W2738208883","https://openalex.org/W2754253996","https://openalex.org/W2795428663","https://openalex.org/W2795433822","https://openalex.org/W2795466100","https://openalex.org/W2795625669","https://openalex.org/W2795885990","https://openalex.org/W2890404080","https://openalex.org/W2901817221","https://openalex.org/W2928467098","https://openalex.org/W2941413112","https://openalex.org/W2943725833","https://openalex.org/W2958071626","https://openalex.org/W2980899416","https://openalex.org/W2988878602","https://openalex.org/W2997835394","https://openalex.org/W3024965278","https://openalex.org/W3104980099","https://openalex.org/W3139040970","https://openalex.org/W3163397000","https://openalex.org/W4235090768","https://openalex.org/W4244024001","https://openalex.org/W4255887680","https://openalex.org/W4256148398","https://openalex.org/W6772579559"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944916510","https://openalex.org/W4388927174","https://openalex.org/W4294068484","https://openalex.org/W2083791748","https://openalex.org/W2986190770","https://openalex.org/W2183155639","https://openalex.org/W4366590342","https://openalex.org/W3139040970","https://openalex.org/W2963044735","https://openalex.org/W3111120281"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Text":[0,68],"entry":[1,40,73,138],"is":[2,14,31,51,127,169],"a":[3,33,44,70,77,141,176],"frequently":[4],"used":[5],"task":[6],"in":[7,20,25,47],"virtual":[8],"reality":[9],"(VR)":[10],"applications,":[11],"and":[12,42,99,105,126,155],"controller":[13],"the":[15,36,55,58,96,100,103,134,144,156],"most":[16],"common":[17],"interactive":[18],"device":[19],"current":[21],"VR":[22],"systems.":[23],"However,":[24],"terms":[26],"of":[27,57],"typing":[28,121,167],"speed,":[29,122],"there":[30],"still":[32],"gap":[34],"between":[35,102],"existing":[37],"controller-based":[38,59,136],"text":[39,60,72,137],"techniques":[41],"using":[43,82],"physical":[45],"keyboard":[46,81,97],"reality,":[48],"so":[49,107],"it":[50],"important":[52],"to":[53,94,109,130,171],"improve":[54],"efficiency":[56],"entry.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63],"paper,":[64],"we":[65],"introduce":[66],"Flower":[67],"Entry,":[69],"single-controller":[71],"method":[74,118],"based":[75],"on":[76],"newly":[78],"designed":[79],"flower-shaped":[80],"hand":[83],"3D":[84],"translation":[85],"interaction":[86,104],"for":[87],"letters":[88],"selection.":[89],"We":[90],"conduct":[91],"user":[92],"studies":[93],"optimize":[95],"design":[98],"mapping":[101],"selection,":[106],"as":[108],"evaluate":[110],"our":[111,117],"method.":[112],"The":[113,165],"results":[114],"show":[115],"that":[116],"has":[119],"high":[120],"lower":[123],"error":[124],"rate,":[125],"very":[128],"friendly":[129],"novices":[131],"compared":[132],"with":[133],"state-of-the-art":[135],"methods.":[139],"After":[140],"short":[142],"training,":[143],"novice":[145],"group":[146,159],"can":[147,160],"type":[148,161],"at":[149,162],"17.65":[150],"words":[151],"per":[152],"minute":[153],"(WPM),":[154],"potential":[157,177],"expert":[158,178],"22.97":[163],"WPM.":[164],"highest":[166],"speed":[168],"up":[170],"30.80":[172],"WPM":[173],"achieved":[174],"by":[175],"participant.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}