{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200298036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2021.3134412","title":"The Effects of Virtual and Physical Elevation on Physiological Stress During Virtual Reality Height Exposure","display_name":"The Effects of Virtual and Physical Elevation on Physiological Stress During Virtual Reality Height Exposure","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200298036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2021.3134412","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34898434"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2021.3134412","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2021.3134412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076343180","display_name":"Howe Yuan Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0775-887X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Howe Yuan Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036805602","display_name":"Hsiang\u2010Ting Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0873-2698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsiang-Ting Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058936239","display_name":"Chin\u2010Teng Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8371-8197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chin-Teng Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076343180"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4792,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82174393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"4","first_page":"1937","last_page":"1950"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11109","display_name":"Thermoregulation and physiological responses","score":0.9415000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.8276979923248291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.6782880425453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-technology","display_name":"Haptic technology","score":0.661872923374176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5558061003684998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immersion","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","score":0.5337522625923157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5265329480171204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.47867351770401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4707798361778259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","score":0.4699062705039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4639996886253357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographics","display_name":"Demographics","score":0.4374268651008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sense-of-presence","display_name":"Sense of presence","score":0.4262761175632477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2524702548980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1793847680091858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11767572164535522}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.8276979923248291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.6782880425453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152086174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Haptic technology","level":2,"score":0.661872923374176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5558061003684998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199068039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574523","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5337522625923157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5265329480171204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.47867351770401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4707798361778259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4699062705039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4639996886253357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780084366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demographics","level":2,"score":0.4374268651008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987143623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5643204","display_name":"Sense of presence","level":3,"score":0.4262761175632477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2524702548980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1793847680091858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11767572164535522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004777","descriptor_name":"Environment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004777","descriptor_name":"Environment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004777","descriptor_name":"Environment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013312","descriptor_name":"Stress, Physiological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013312","descriptor_name":"Stress, Physiological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013312","descriptor_name":"Stress, Physiological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2021.3134412","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2021.3134412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34898434","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34898434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.library.adelaide.edu.au:2440/137829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2440/137829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401835","display_name":"Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","host_organization_name":"The University of Adelaide","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2021.3134412","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5816298421","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP180100656","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7009114323","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP210101093","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7203342935","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ID10134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331403","display_name":"NSW Defence Innovation Network","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W124275677","https://openalex.org/W182856779","https://openalex.org/W1513763202","https://openalex.org/W1528045197","https://openalex.org/W1530155851","https://openalex.org/W1535609573","https://openalex.org/W1635002850","https://openalex.org/W1972977748","https://openalex.org/W1975539506","https://openalex.org/W1975947418","https://openalex.org/W1987375729","https://openalex.org/W2001092914","https://openalex.org/W2007524903","https://openalex.org/W2021999691","https://openalex.org/W2023999328","https://openalex.org/W2044653431","https://openalex.org/W2045276273","https://openalex.org/W2049924501","https://openalex.org/W2056142162","https://openalex.org/W2071582604","https://openalex.org/W2081953805","https://openalex.org/W2091747358","https://openalex.org/W2101484768","https://openalex.org/W2113555622","https://openalex.org/W2125805506","https://openalex.org/W2127033666","https://openalex.org/W2129241490","https://openalex.org/W2141674457","https://openalex.org/W2143954169","https://openalex.org/W2150934365","https://openalex.org/W2153717601","https://openalex.org/W2156870567","https://openalex.org/W2163665142","https://openalex.org/W2167557160","https://openalex.org/W2172146914","https://openalex.org/W2195837294","https://openalex.org/W2465675980","https://openalex.org/W2553272317","https://openalex.org/W2606007667","https://openalex.org/W2742457661","https://openalex.org/W2769281798","https://openalex.org/W2789508799","https://openalex.org/W2801651275","https://openalex.org/W2839867530","https://openalex.org/W2885118910","https://openalex.org/W2889202264","https://openalex.org/W2900528285","https://openalex.org/W2911300894","https://openalex.org/W2913352542","https://openalex.org/W2946252237","https://openalex.org/W2960679078","https://openalex.org/W3160931456","https://openalex.org/W3163055134","https://openalex.org/W4249604595","https://openalex.org/W4250098481","https://openalex.org/W4250305574","https://openalex.org/W6684404306","https://openalex.org/W6758551834","https://openalex.org/W6790268746"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4300861185","https://openalex.org/W2092663682","https://openalex.org/W2902011785","https://openalex.org/W4298313116","https://openalex.org/W3120417133","https://openalex.org/W2987381518","https://openalex.org/W3041514386","https://openalex.org/W3211501801","https://openalex.org/W2022959378","https://openalex.org/W4362458594"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advances":[0],"in":[1,181],"virtual":[2,33,52,62,88,118,133,159,174,209],"reality":[3,13],"technology":[4],"have":[5,38],"greatly":[6],"benefited":[7],"the":[8,46,55,58,61,67,83,87,93,106,152,162,168,173,199,206],"acrophobia":[9],"research":[10],"field.":[11],"Virtual":[12],"height":[14,34,160,183],"exposure":[15,35,184],"is":[16,70,97,191],"a":[17,32,51,74,157,193],"reliable":[18],"method":[19],"of":[20,48,50,57,82,108,117,129,170],"inducing":[21,186],"stress":[22,95],"with":[23,114],"low":[24,158],"variance":[25],"across":[26],"ages":[27],"and":[28,89,132,145,166,185],"demographics.":[29],"When":[30],"creating":[31],"environment,":[36],"researchers":[37],"often":[39,71],"used":[40],"haptic":[41,77],"feedback":[42,78],"elements":[43],"to":[44,73,120,198],"improve":[45],"sense":[47],"realism":[49],"environment.":[53,210],"While":[54],"quality":[56],"rendered":[59],"for":[60],"environment":[63,69,91,175],"increases":[64,167],"over":[65],"time,":[66],"physical":[68,90,112,131,154,207],"simplified":[72],"conservative":[75],"passive":[76],"platform.":[79],"The":[80,135,148],"impact":[81],"increasing":[84],"disparity":[85],"between":[86],"on":[92],"induced":[94],"levels":[96,116],"unclear.":[98],"This":[99],"article":[100],"presents":[101],"an":[102,110,178],"experiment":[103],"that":[104,151,192],"explored":[105],"effect":[107],"combining":[109],"elevated":[111],"platform":[113],"different":[115,127],"heights":[119],"induce":[121],"stress.":[122,188],"Eighteen":[123],"participants":[124],"experienced":[125],"four":[126],"conditions":[128],"varying":[130],"heights.":[134],"measurements":[136],"included":[137],"gait":[138],"parameters,":[139],"heart":[140,142],"rate,":[141],"rate":[143],"variability,":[144],"electrodermal":[146],"activity.":[147],"results":[149],"show":[150],"added":[153],"elevation":[155],"at":[156],"shifts":[161],"participant's":[163],"walking":[164],"behaviour":[165,195],"perception":[169],"danger.":[171],"However,":[172],"still":[176],"plays":[177],"essential":[179],"role":[180],"manipulating":[182],"physiological":[187],"Another":[189],"finding":[190],"person's":[194],"always":[196],"corresponds":[197],"more":[200],"significant":[201],"perceived":[202],"threat,":[203],"whether":[204],"from":[205],"or":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}