{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3167132838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2021.3088531","title":"JPEG Robust Invertible Grayscale","display_name":"JPEG Robust Invertible Grayscale","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3167132838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2021.3088531","mag":"3167132838","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34115588"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2021.3088531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2021.3088531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101804035","display_name":"Kunlin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9325-4058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kunlin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9325-4058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100364587","display_name":"Dongdong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4642-4373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongdong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4642-4373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013972536","display_name":"Jing Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7014-5377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7014-5377","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067689180","display_name":"Weiming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5576-6108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5576-6108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025286392","display_name":"Hang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7860-8452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7860-8452","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436740","display_name":"Jie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4230-1077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101821261","display_name":"Wenbo Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbo Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064573190","display_name":"Nenghai Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4417-9316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nenghai Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4417-9316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101804035"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1651,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80458563,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"12","first_page":"4403","last_page":"4417"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.9373079538345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7784348726272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7776310443878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7447930574417114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jpeg","display_name":"JPEG","score":0.692471981048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jpeg-2000","display_name":"JPEG 2000","score":0.5309574007987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4942898750305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-image","display_name":"Color image","score":0.4803401231765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.3064277172088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-compression","display_name":"Image compression","score":0.28894439339637756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.24249178171157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression","display_name":"Data compression","score":0.2353612780570984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.22694271802902222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.9373079538345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7784348726272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7776310443878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7447930574417114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198751489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2195","display_name":"JPEG","level":3,"score":0.692471981048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69216139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931783","display_name":"JPEG 2000","level":5,"score":0.5309574007987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4942898750305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142616399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5148604","display_name":"Color image","level":4,"score":0.4803401231765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.3064277172088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13481523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412438","display_name":"Image compression","level":4,"score":0.28894439339637756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.24249178171157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.2353612780570984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.22694271802902222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2021.3088531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2021.3088531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34115588","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34115588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1952629013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002334U20B2047","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3986437333","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002334","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4278025092","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072421","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98781231","https://openalex.org/W1507749617","https://openalex.org/W1530382429","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1986416281","https://openalex.org/W1989744401","https://openalex.org/W1998279455","https://openalex.org/W2034717037","https://openalex.org/W2053320554","https://openalex.org/W2054973640","https://openalex.org/W2071951825","https://openalex.org/W2074253957","https://openalex.org/W2085020374","https://openalex.org/W2096513167","https://openalex.org/W2103155998","https://openalex.org/W2104808305","https://openalex.org/W2116380212","https://openalex.org/W2120804545","https://openalex.org/W2129283610","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2136154655","https://openalex.org/W2144853261","https://openalex.org/W2145447418","https://openalex.org/W2151346626","https://openalex.org/W2158518777","https://openalex.org/W2294092488","https://openalex.org/W2295537950","https://openalex.org/W2308529009","https://openalex.org/W2326925005","https://openalex.org/W2331128040","https://openalex.org/W2461158874","https://openalex.org/W2502575609","https://openalex.org/W2535749563","https://openalex.org/W2593509476","https://openalex.org/W2612063021","https://openalex.org/W2768959015","https://openalex.org/W2809852002","https://openalex.org/W2883233582","https://openalex.org/W2892646442","https://openalex.org/W2919511482","https://openalex.org/W2929832686","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963800363","https://openalex.org/W3000407986","https://openalex.org/W3010626953","https://openalex.org/W3034838697","https://openalex.org/W3083502392","https://openalex.org/W3158252298","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6630508732","https://openalex.org/W6631646518","https://openalex.org/W6663636779","https://openalex.org/W6675306007","https://openalex.org/W6698507324","https://openalex.org/W6729966448","https://openalex.org/W6745992979","https://openalex.org/W6753211707"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4235795445","https://openalex.org/W2269767249","https://openalex.org/W2127700059","https://openalex.org/W2346315867","https://openalex.org/W2054532662","https://openalex.org/W3095779483","https://openalex.org/W2496904690","https://openalex.org/W2109129394","https://openalex.org/W2601836025","https://openalex.org/W2169321544"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Invertible":[0],"grayscale":[1,7,32,103,134,144,190,215],"is":[2,45,85,105,152,184],"a":[3,49],"special":[4],"kind":[5],"of":[6,214],"from":[8,74,142],"which":[9],"the":[10,27,80,92,101,132,149,160,165,181,187,198,205],"original":[11,93,188],"color":[12,19,28,70,94,139,146],"can":[13,170,208],"be":[14,97,174,209],"recovered.":[15],"Given":[16],"an":[17,56],"input":[18],"image,":[20],"this":[21,114],"seminal":[22],"work":[23,191],"tries":[24],"to":[25,38,88,130,154,173,186],"hide":[26],"information":[29,95],"into":[30],"its":[31,60],"counterpart":[33],"while":[34,196],"making":[35],"it":[36],"hard":[37],"recognize":[39],"any":[40],"anomalies.":[41],"This":[42],"powerful":[43],"functionality":[44],"enabled":[46],"by":[47,107],"training":[48,118,162],"hiding":[50,166],"sub-network":[51,54],"and":[52,119,136,145,167,194,217],"restoring":[53,168],"in":[55,79],"end-to-end":[57],"way.":[58],"Despite":[59],"expressive":[61],"results,":[62],"two":[63,112,124],"key":[64],"limitations":[65],"exist:":[66],"1)":[67],"The":[68],"restored":[69,138],"image":[71,104],"often":[72],"suffers":[73],"some":[75],"noticeable":[76],"visual":[77],"artifacts":[78],"smooth":[81],"regions.":[82],"2)":[83],"It":[84],"very":[86],"sensitive":[87],"JPEG":[89,120,150,157,175,199],"compression,":[90],"i.e.,":[91],"cannot":[96],"well":[98],"recovered":[99],"once":[100],"intermediate":[102,133],"compressed":[106],"JPEG.":[108],"To":[109],"overcome":[110],"these":[111],"limitations,":[113],"article":[115],"introduces":[116],"adversarial":[117,126],"simulator":[121,151],"respectively.":[122],"Specifically,":[123],"auxiliary":[125],"networks":[127],"are":[128],"incorporated":[129],"make":[131],"images":[135,140],"final":[137],"indistinguishable":[141],"normal":[143],"images.":[147],"And":[148],"utilized":[153],"simulate":[155],"real":[156],"compression":[158],"during":[159],"online":[161],"so":[163],"that":[164,180,204],"sub-networks":[169],"automatically":[171],"learn":[172],"robust.":[176],"Extensive":[177],"experiments":[178],"demonstrate":[179],"proposed":[182,206],"method":[183],"superior":[185],"invertible":[189],"both":[192],"qualitatively":[193],"quantitatively":[195],"ensuring":[197],"robustness.":[200],"We":[201],"further":[202],"show":[203],"framework":[207],"applied":[210],"under":[211],"different":[212],"types":[213],"constraints":[216],"achieve":[218],"excellent":[219],"results.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}