{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3107179267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.3041100","title":"Real-Time Shadow Detection From Live Outdoor Videos for Augmented Reality","display_name":"Real-Time Shadow Detection From Live Outdoor Videos for Augmented Reality","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3107179267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.3041100","mag":"3107179267","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33245695"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2020.3041100","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.3041100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091414618","display_name":"Yanli Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3181-2699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanli Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3181-2699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143","https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090402478","display_name":"Xingming Zou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingming Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143","https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046202286","display_name":"Songhua Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2276-2538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songhua Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064121031","display_name":"Guanyu Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-0975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanyu Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-0975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143","https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044126101","display_name":"Housheng Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1139-9788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Housheng Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1139-9788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143","https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073054497","display_name":"Yanci Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7045-185X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanci Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143","https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0979,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4253351,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"7","first_page":"2748","last_page":"2763"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8124171495437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7514825463294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.7056554555892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6985470056533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow-mapping","display_name":"Shadow mapping","score":0.6337468028068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.5690137147903442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.49534478783607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viewpoints","display_name":"Viewpoints","score":0.42802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.41980379819869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.39440664649009705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8124171495437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7514825463294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7056554555892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6985470056533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116544410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478122","display_name":"Shadow mapping","level":2,"score":0.6337468028068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.5690137147903442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.49534478783607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7928819","display_name":"Viewpoints","level":2,"score":0.42802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.41980379819869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.39440664649009705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000081411","descriptor_name":"Augmented Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081411","descriptor_name":"Augmented Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081411","descriptor_name":"Augmented Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2020.3041100","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.3041100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33245695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33245695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1240634922","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61972271","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6670673178","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61572333","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536122514","https://openalex.org/W1541667274","https://openalex.org/W1735617030","https://openalex.org/W1755205674","https://openalex.org/W1816614560","https://openalex.org/W1884470205","https://openalex.org/W1951289974","https://openalex.org/W1967913888","https://openalex.org/W1976363322","https://openalex.org/W1978658459","https://openalex.org/W2006190751","https://openalex.org/W2018025911","https://openalex.org/W2025136894","https://openalex.org/W2039358285","https://openalex.org/W2073839959","https://openalex.org/W2128497694","https://openalex.org/W2148913248","https://openalex.org/W2156547441","https://openalex.org/W2252574053","https://openalex.org/W2266727656","https://openalex.org/W2469286613","https://openalex.org/W2508735788","https://openalex.org/W2519623608","https://openalex.org/W2560474170","https://openalex.org/W2585366715","https://openalex.org/W2593970444","https://openalex.org/W2605126331","https://openalex.org/W2767058122","https://openalex.org/W2771617895","https://openalex.org/W2777654136","https://openalex.org/W2793748480","https://openalex.org/W2884217841","https://openalex.org/W2895126795","https://openalex.org/W2948670693","https://openalex.org/W2949057474","https://openalex.org/W2963014378","https://openalex.org/W2964213565","https://openalex.org/W3102699694","https://openalex.org/W6637498190","https://openalex.org/W6719791782","https://openalex.org/W6733474617"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504907250","https://openalex.org/W4387143966","https://openalex.org/W4200295500","https://openalex.org/W2031094984","https://openalex.org/W2316352747","https://openalex.org/W2557434884","https://openalex.org/W2554280219","https://openalex.org/W2161595967","https://openalex.org/W2353014491","https://openalex.org/W2743826367"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Simulating":[0],"shadow":[1,54,118,129,138,173,243],"interactions":[2],"between":[3],"real":[4,20,185],"and":[5,17,87,135,175,201],"virtual":[6],"objects":[7],"is":[8,25,74,92],"important":[9],"for":[10,53,131,140,159,252],"augmented":[11],"reality":[12],"(AR),":[13],"in":[14,56,184,223],"which":[15,73,91],"accurately":[16],"efficiently":[18],"detecting":[19],"shadows":[21,188,197,202],"from":[22,78],"live":[23,57],"videos":[24,59],"a":[26,42,50,70,145,179,220,229],"crucial":[27],"step.":[28],"Most":[29],"of":[30,36,116,181],"the":[31,75,79,96,100,110,114,132,141,167,171,215,224,238],"existing":[32,217],"methods":[33],"are":[34,122,156],"capable":[35],"processing":[37],"only":[38],"scenes":[39],"captured":[40,60],"under":[41,61],"fixed":[43],"viewpoint.":[44,102],"In":[45],"contrast,":[46],"this":[47],"article":[48],"proposes":[49],"new":[51],"framework":[52,65,104,169,240],"detection":[55,176],"outdoor":[58],"moving":[62,101],"viewpoints.":[63],"The":[64,103,162,207],"splits":[66],"each":[67],"frame":[68,82],"into":[69,95],"tracked":[71,77,133],"region,":[72,90],"region":[76,134,143],"previous":[80],"video":[81],"through":[83],"optical":[84],"flow":[85],"analysis,":[86],"an":[88,234],"emerging":[89,142,160],"newly":[93],"introduced":[94],"scene":[97],"due":[98],"to":[99,125,136],"subsequently":[105],"extracts":[106],"features":[107,121],"based":[108],"on":[109,178,189,228],"intensity":[111],"profiles":[112],"surrounding":[113],"boundaries":[115,130,139],"candidate":[117],"regions.":[119,161],"These":[120],"then":[123],"utilized":[124],"both":[126],"correct":[127],"erroneous":[128],"detect":[137],"by":[144,204],"Bayesian":[146],"learning":[147],"module.":[148],"To":[149],"remove":[150],"spurious":[151],"shadows,":[152,195],"spatial":[153],"layout":[154],"constraints":[155],"further":[157],"considered":[158],"experimental":[163],"results":[164],"demonstrate":[165],"that":[166,211],"proposed":[168,239],"outperforms":[170,214],"state-of-the-art":[172],"tracking":[174],"algorithms":[177],"variety":[180],"challenging":[182],"cases":[183],"time,":[186],"including":[187],"backgrounds":[190],"with":[191,198,233],"complex":[192],"textures,":[193],"nonplanar":[194],"fast-moving":[196],"changing":[199],"typologies,":[200],"cast":[203],"nonrigid":[205],"objects.":[206],"quantitative":[208],"experiments":[209],"show":[210],"our":[212],"method":[213],"best":[216],"method,":[218,237],"achieving":[219],"33.3%":[221],"increase":[222],"average":[225],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[226],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$F_{measure}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[227],"self-collected":[230],"database.":[231],"Coupled":[232],"image-based":[235],"shadow-casting":[236],"generates":[241],"realistic":[242],"interaction":[244],"results.":[245],"This":[246],"capability":[247],"will":[248],"be":[249],"particularly":[250],"beneficial":[251],"supporting":[253],"AR":[254],"applications.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}