{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3081277912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.3030378","title":"NL4DV: A Toolkit for Generating Analytic Specifications for Data Visualization from Natural Language Queries","display_name":"NL4DV: A Toolkit for Generating Analytic Specifications for Data Visualization from Natural Language Queries","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3081277912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.3030378","mag":"3081277912","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33048704"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2020.3030378","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.3030378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.10723","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078755914","display_name":"Arpit Narechania","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6980-3686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arpit Narechania","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056438986","display_name":"Arjun Srinivasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8901-1256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arjun Srinivasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082668404","display_name":"John Stasko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4129-7659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Stasko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.3213,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":195,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98265992,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"2","first_page":"369","last_page":"379"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13650","display_name":"Computational Physics and Python Applications","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13398","display_name":"Data Analysis with R","score":0.9761999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9052197933197021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.8126795291900635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/json","display_name":"JSON","score":0.6962835192680359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.557183027267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.5231586694717407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.49848198890686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.49451419711112976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.432624876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.38675782084465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.360103964805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3507106304168701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30813878774642944}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9052197933197021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.8126795291900635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780416260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063","display_name":"JSON","level":2,"score":0.6962835192680359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.557183027267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5231586694717407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.49848198890686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.49451419711112976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.432624876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.38675782084465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.360103964805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3507106304168701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30813878774642944}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2020.3030378","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.3030378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33048704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33048704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2008.10723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.10723","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.10723","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-145991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-145991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2008.10723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.10723","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.10723","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512287614","https://openalex.org/W1540555466","https://openalex.org/W1585309330","https://openalex.org/W1896226795","https://openalex.org/W1932370209","https://openalex.org/W1961845056","https://openalex.org/W1979011152","https://openalex.org/W1988772517","https://openalex.org/W1991207010","https://openalex.org/W2032299694","https://openalex.org/W2032374895","https://openalex.org/W2079201812","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2084356509","https://openalex.org/W2096765155","https://openalex.org/W2098417174","https://openalex.org/W2123442489","https://openalex.org/W2124741472","https://openalex.org/W2130500927","https://openalex.org/W2134816385","https://openalex.org/W2135415614","https://openalex.org/W2136480620","https://openalex.org/W2143017621","https://openalex.org/W2152922709","https://openalex.org/W2154268919","https://openalex.org/W2158711339","https://openalex.org/W2160382748","https://openalex.org/W2165741325","https://openalex.org/W2167702024","https://openalex.org/W2250225488","https://openalex.org/W2252136820","https://openalex.org/W2274505579","https://openalex.org/W2428096022","https://openalex.org/W2516678343","https://openalex.org/W2534380090","https://openalex.org/W2566358525","https://openalex.org/W2604799257","https://openalex.org/W2610226709","https://openalex.org/W2611459304","https://openalex.org/W2730072090","https://openalex.org/W2742947407","https://openalex.org/W2751448157","https://openalex.org/W2752843814","https://openalex.org/W2753472863","https://openalex.org/W2775663585","https://openalex.org/W2795915595","https://openalex.org/W2798933813","https://openalex.org/W2837370974","https://openalex.org/W2863697128","https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2888068719","https://openalex.org/W2888611489","https://openalex.org/W2918035772","https://openalex.org/W2946471600","https://openalex.org/W2950584515","https://openalex.org/W2951621897","https://openalex.org/W2953320089","https://openalex.org/W2963899988","https://openalex.org/W2965346190","https://openalex.org/W2969670656","https://openalex.org/W2983681716","https://openalex.org/W2995306447","https://openalex.org/W3005591795","https://openalex.org/W3010400351","https://openalex.org/W3014265582","https://openalex.org/W3028632643","https://openalex.org/W3028907449","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3030168100","https://openalex.org/W3035140194","https://openalex.org/W3160856140","https://openalex.org/W4237375617","https://openalex.org/W4246375690","https://openalex.org/W4248741877","https://openalex.org/W4288258035","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4297785686","https://openalex.org/W4386506836","https://openalex.org/W6630893070","https://openalex.org/W6644939295","https://openalex.org/W6675377351","https://openalex.org/W6682621284","https://openalex.org/W6691476020","https://openalex.org/W6740412537","https://openalex.org/W6743367031","https://openalex.org/W6752709361","https://openalex.org/W6767606193","https://openalex.org/W6769877708","https://openalex.org/W6771760220","https://openalex.org/W6773207711","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2753132265","https://openalex.org/W4234766820","https://openalex.org/W4321232174","https://openalex.org/W3117520771","https://openalex.org/W2482048793","https://openalex.org/W4388027365","https://openalex.org/W2938860153","https://openalex.org/W4312551432","https://openalex.org/W2365783963","https://openalex.org/W3113257914"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Natural":[0],"language":[1,34,74,133,153],"interfaces":[2],"(NLls)":[3],"have":[4,118],"shown":[5],"great":[6],"promise":[7],"for":[8,54],"visual":[9,43],"data":[10,57,93,170],"analysis,":[11],"allowing":[12],"people":[13],"to":[14,104,125,162,182],"flexibly":[15],"specify":[16,163],"and":[17,46,71,97,143,164,177],"interact":[18],"with":[19],"visualizations.":[20],"However,":[21],"developing":[22,159],"visualization":[23,47,113,128,186],"NLIs":[24,129],"remains":[25],"a":[26,52,61,68,72,89,98,119,155,160,184],"challenging":[27],"task,":[28],"requiring":[29],"low-level":[30],"implementation":[31],"of":[32,42,100],"natural":[33,55,73,132,152],"processing":[35],"(NLP)":[36],"techniques":[37],"as":[38,40,66,88],"well":[39],"knowledge":[41],"analytic":[44,85,95],"tasks":[45],"design.":[48],"We":[49,139],"present":[50],"NL4DV,":[51],"toolkit":[53,82],"language-driven":[56],"visualization.":[58],"NL4DV":[59,111],"is":[60],"Python":[62],"package":[63],"that":[64,77],"takes":[65],"input":[67,106,134,181],"tabular":[69],"dataset":[70],"query":[75],"about":[76],"dataset.":[78],"In":[79,108],"response,":[80],"the":[81,105,174],"returns":[83],"an":[84],"specification":[86],"modeled":[87],"JSON":[90],"object":[91],"containing":[92],"attributes,":[94],"tasks,":[96],"list":[99],"Vega-Lite":[101,166],"specifications":[102],"relevant":[103],"query.":[107],"doing":[109],"so,":[110],"aids":[112],"developers":[114],"who":[115],"may":[116],"not":[117],"background":[120],"in":[121,154],"NLP,":[122],"enabling":[123],"them":[124],"create":[126,183],"new":[127],"or":[130],"incorporate":[131],"within":[135],"their":[136],"existing":[137],"systems.":[138],"demonstrate":[140],"NL4DV's":[141],"usage":[142],"capabilities":[144],"through":[145],"four":[146],"examples:":[147],"1)":[148],"rendering":[149],"visualizations":[150],"using":[151],"Jupyter":[156],"notebook,":[157],"2)":[158],"NLI":[161],"edit":[165],"charts,":[167],"3)":[168],"recreating":[169],"ambiguity":[171],"widgets":[172],"from":[173],"DataTone":[175],"system,":[176],"4)":[178],"incorporating":[179],"speech":[180],"multimodal":[185],"system.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}