{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3091447263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.3027368","title":"Mixed Labeling: Integrating Internal and External Labels","display_name":"Mixed Labeling: Integrating Internal and External Labels","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3091447263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.3027368","mag":"3091447263","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32986554"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2020.3027368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.3027368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007501711","display_name":"Ladislav \u010cmol\u00edk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8546-6568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ladislav Cmolik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8546-6568","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049292466","display_name":"V\u00e1clav Pavlovec","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6782-7788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vaclav Pavlovec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6782-7788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025784757","display_name":"Hsiang\u2010Yun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1028-0010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsiang-Yun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Visual Computing and Human-Centered Technology, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1028-0010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Visual Computing and Human-Centered Technology, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071390048","display_name":"Martin N\u00f6llenburg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0454-3937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Nollenburg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Logic and Computation, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0454-3937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Logic and Computation, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6708,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71847112,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"4","first_page":"1848","last_page":"1861"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12923","display_name":"Digital Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12923","display_name":"Digital Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8120619058609009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6362007856369019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6186809539794922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.5787118673324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5667527914047241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.49533310532569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-segment","display_name":"Line segment","score":0.4805872440338135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4780050814151764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.47679805755615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.46960338950157166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.41199636459350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36682605743408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10697788000106812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8120619058609009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6362007856369019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6186809539794922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.5787118673324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5667527914047241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.49533310532569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182124507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166154","display_name":"Line segment","level":2,"score":0.4805872440338135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4780050814151764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.47679805755615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.46960338950157166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.41199636459350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36682605743408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10697788000106812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2020.3027368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.3027368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32986554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32986554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G702741953","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SGS19/179/OHK3/3T/13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334253","funder_display_name":"Research Center for Informatics, Czech Technical University in Prague"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G892565002","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P 31119","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","display_name":"Austrian Science Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/013tf3c58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334253","display_name":"Research Center for Informatics, Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64553752","https://openalex.org/W174476772","https://openalex.org/W1515997175","https://openalex.org/W1536572214","https://openalex.org/W1564453020","https://openalex.org/W1868064561","https://openalex.org/W1979448853","https://openalex.org/W1999110472","https://openalex.org/W2032299552","https://openalex.org/W2060616201","https://openalex.org/W2061168940","https://openalex.org/W2061702899","https://openalex.org/W2076213041","https://openalex.org/W2080280433","https://openalex.org/W2097778683","https://openalex.org/W2106814120","https://openalex.org/W2115085978","https://openalex.org/W2116394115","https://openalex.org/W2119588908","https://openalex.org/W2127178030","https://openalex.org/W2128496306","https://openalex.org/W2129712727","https://openalex.org/W2132777634","https://openalex.org/W2137655192","https://openalex.org/W2140363894","https://openalex.org/W2150415161","https://openalex.org/W2155172163","https://openalex.org/W2167776565","https://openalex.org/W2262739585","https://openalex.org/W2269665846","https://openalex.org/W2587584787","https://openalex.org/W2802949446","https://openalex.org/W2888619565","https://openalex.org/W2893833297","https://openalex.org/W2964005892","https://openalex.org/W2983296203","https://openalex.org/W3203267751","https://openalex.org/W4232689116","https://openalex.org/W4239720002","https://openalex.org/W4292158025","https://openalex.org/W6602643194","https://openalex.org/W6679423795","https://openalex.org/W6680769966","https://openalex.org/W6692656571","https://openalex.org/W6801818134"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2975200075","https://openalex.org/W2007544051","https://openalex.org/W1837097281","https://openalex.org/W1966410754","https://openalex.org/W2363840281","https://openalex.org/W2325242284","https://openalex.org/W2095705906","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W2735762317","https://openalex.org/W2092957489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,16,112],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"we":[3,115,121,149],"present":[4,150],"an":[5,100,127,153],"algorithm":[6,56,92,119,132,140],"capable":[7],"of":[8,11,62,88],"mixed":[9,17],"labeling":[10],"2D":[12,104],"and":[13,35,45,60,71,84],"3D":[14,108],"objects.":[15],"labeling,":[18],"the":[19,33,40,43,48,58,67,75,81,85,103,118,124,131,145,163,168],"given":[20],"objects":[21,34,44,50,105,109,125],"are":[22,110],"labeled":[23,49],"with":[24,47,51,167],"both":[25],"internal":[26,82],"labels":[27,37,83],"placed":[28,38],"(at":[29],"least":[30],"partially)":[31],"over":[32],"external":[36,89],"in":[39,99,136,142,156],"space":[41],"around":[42],"connected":[46],"straight-line":[52,86],"leaders.":[53],"The":[54,91,139],"proposed":[55,169],"determines":[57],"position":[59],"type":[61],"each":[63],"label":[64,164],"based":[65],"on":[66],"user-specified":[68],"ambiguity":[69],"threshold":[70],"eliminates":[72],"overlaps":[73],"between":[74,80],"labels,":[76],"as":[77,79],"well":[78],"leaders":[87],"labels.":[90],"is":[93],"a":[94,158],"screen-space":[95],"technique;":[96],"it":[97],"operates":[98,141],"image":[101],"where":[102],"or":[106],"projected":[107],"encoded.":[111],"other":[113],"words,":[114],"can":[116,122],"use":[117,135],"whenever":[120],"render":[123],"to":[126],"image,":[128],"which":[129,157],"makes":[130],"fit":[133],"for":[134],"many":[137],"domains.":[138],"real-time,":[143],"giving":[144],"results":[146,151],"immediately.":[147],"Finally,":[148],"from":[152],"expert":[154],"evaluation,":[155],"professional":[159],"illustrator":[160],"has":[161],"evaluated":[162],"layouts":[165],"produced":[166],"algorithm.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}