{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3005766216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.2973075","title":"Using Facial Animation to Increase the Enfacement Illusion and Avatar Self-Identification","display_name":"Using Facial Animation to Increase the Enfacement Illusion and Avatar Self-Identification","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3005766216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.2973075","mag":"3005766216"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2020.2973075","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.2973075","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10093933/1/Using_idle_facial_animation_to_increase_avatar_self_identification.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023820234","display_name":"Mar Gonz\u00e1lez-Franco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6165-4495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mar Gonzalez-Franco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research","Microsoft Research#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071447827","display_name":"Anthony Steed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9034-3020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Steed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research","University College London"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020996280","display_name":"Steve Hoogendyk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Hoogendyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research","Microsoft Research#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075016938","display_name":"Eyal Ofek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4750-1569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eyal Ofek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research","Microsoft Research#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023820234"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0055,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96321408,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"5","first_page":"2023","last_page":"2029"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avatar","display_name":"Avatar","score":0.8942070007324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-facial-animation","display_name":"Computer facial animation","score":0.7740899324417114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.769717812538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-motion-capture","display_name":"Facial motion capture","score":0.7140529155731201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animation","display_name":"Animation","score":0.6850906610488892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphing","display_name":"Morphing","score":0.609290361404419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.602488100528717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illusion","display_name":"Illusion","score":0.5430064797401428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.492919921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.46859732270240784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4605397880077362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3676597476005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3587002754211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-animation","display_name":"Computer animation","score":0.2834146022796631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.21640831232070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.1879737675189972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.15418550372123718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.1276777684688568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.06513696908950806}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777365542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83090","display_name":"Avatar","level":2,"score":0.8942070007324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138591656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157538","display_name":"Computer facial animation","level":4,"score":0.7740899324417114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.769717812538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98907195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428562","display_name":"Facial motion capture","level":5,"score":0.7140529155731201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502989409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425","display_name":"Animation","level":2,"score":0.6850906610488892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50637493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136781","display_name":"Morphing","level":2,"score":0.609290361404419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.602488100528717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184047640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182593","display_name":"Illusion","level":2,"score":0.5430064797401428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.492919921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.46859732270240784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4605397880077362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3676597476005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3587002754211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69369342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401416","display_name":"Computer animation","level":3,"score":0.2834146022796631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.21640831232070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.1879737675189972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.15418550372123718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.1276777684688568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.06513696908950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2020.2973075","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2020.2973075","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/bb58b306-b584-4b99-b473-ebf9a80c7618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/bb58b306-b584-4b99-b473-ebf9a80c7618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Gonzalez-Franco, M, Steed, A, Hoogendyk, S & Ofek, E 2020, 'Using facial animation to increase the enfacement illusion and avatar self-identification', IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 2023-2029.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10093933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10093933/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10093933/1/Using_idle_facial_animation_to_increase_avatar_self_identification.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics       (2020)     (In press).  ","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10093933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10093933/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10093933/1/Using_idle_facial_animation_to_increase_avatar_self_identification.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics       (2020)     (In press).  ","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005766216.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005766216.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1950864686","https://openalex.org/W1980002329","https://openalex.org/W1983247339","https://openalex.org/W1985789773","https://openalex.org/W1994259251","https://openalex.org/W1994354386","https://openalex.org/W1996077504","https://openalex.org/W2002726442","https://openalex.org/W2011372787","https://openalex.org/W2014518691","https://openalex.org/W2030681898","https://openalex.org/W2032464461","https://openalex.org/W2039239232","https://openalex.org/W2057979362","https://openalex.org/W2065815384","https://openalex.org/W2081598268","https://openalex.org/W2084235337","https://openalex.org/W2096822517","https://openalex.org/W2097108975","https://openalex.org/W2101870300","https://openalex.org/W2124052984","https://openalex.org/W2144338171","https://openalex.org/W2154739315","https://openalex.org/W2155205708","https://openalex.org/W2160382208","https://openalex.org/W2170100837","https://openalex.org/W2260054606","https://openalex.org/W2295146682","https://openalex.org/W2295474752","https://openalex.org/W2303066918","https://openalex.org/W2470696819","https://openalex.org/W2472405374","https://openalex.org/W2493297061","https://openalex.org/W2511084678","https://openalex.org/W2556634673","https://openalex.org/W2611455491","https://openalex.org/W2724522927","https://openalex.org/W2745328921","https://openalex.org/W2769666294","https://openalex.org/W2788535313","https://openalex.org/W2806760695","https://openalex.org/W2810084975","https://openalex.org/W2887329428","https://openalex.org/W2980985353","https://openalex.org/W2981263323","https://openalex.org/W3114284325","https://openalex.org/W4239927390","https://openalex.org/W6788119825"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195113820","https://openalex.org/W2295349596","https://openalex.org/W2401874398","https://openalex.org/W4211065946","https://openalex.org/W1544039745","https://openalex.org/W2040366276","https://openalex.org/W2748502319","https://openalex.org/W2381245068","https://openalex.org/W3207299135","https://openalex.org/W2165663879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Through":[0],"avatar":[1,14,20,97,144],"embodiment":[2],"in":[3,59,120,132,141],"Virtual":[4],"Reality":[5],"(VR)":[6],"we":[7,23,26,54,134],"can":[8,188],"achieve":[9],"the":[10,19,36,66,94,122,126,143,169,172,175,203],"illusion":[11],"that":[12,53,99,102,166,184],"an":[13],"is":[15,52,68,77,86,100,108],"substituting":[16],"our":[17,60],"body:":[18],"moves":[21],"as":[22,42],"move":[24],"and":[25,56,138],"see":[27,55],"it":[28],"from":[29,168],"a":[30,40,49,103,106,155,162,178],"first":[31],"person":[32],"perspective.":[33],"However,":[34,83],"self-identification,":[35],"process":[37],"of":[38,96,105,115,125,171,177],"identifying":[39],"representation":[41],"being":[43],"oneself,":[44],"poses":[45],"new":[46],"challenges":[47],"because":[48,74],"key":[50],"determinant":[51],"have":[57],"agency":[58],"own":[61,110],"face.":[62],"Providing":[63],"control":[64],"over":[65],"face":[67,75,107,163,170,176],"hard":[69],"with":[70,112,151],"current":[71],"HMD":[72],"technologies":[73],"tracking":[76],"either":[78],"cumbersome":[79],"or":[80],"error":[81],"prone.":[82],"limited":[84],"animation":[85],"easily":[87],"achieved":[88],"based":[89],"on":[90,186],"speaking.":[91],"We":[92,158,182],"investigate":[93],"level":[95],"enfacement,":[98],"believing":[101],"picture":[104],"one's":[109],"face,":[111],"three":[113],"levels":[114],"facial":[116,123,149],"animation:":[117],"(i)":[118],"one":[119,131,140],"which":[121,133,142],"expressions":[124],"avatars":[127,187],"are":[128,197],"static,":[129],"(ii)":[130],"implement":[135],"lip-sync":[136,146],"motion":[137],"(iii)":[139],"presents":[145],"plus":[147],"additional":[148],"animations,":[150],"blinks,":[152],"designed":[153],"by":[154],"professional":[156],"animator.":[157],"measure":[159],"self-identification":[160,185],"using":[161],"morphing":[164],"tool":[165],"morphs":[167],"participant":[173],"to":[174],"gender":[179],"matched":[180],"avatar.":[181],"find":[183],"be":[189],"increased":[190],"through":[191],"pre-baked":[192],"animations":[193],"even":[194],"when":[195],"these":[196],"not":[198],"photorealistic":[199],"nor":[200],"look":[201],"like":[202],"participant.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2020-02-24T00:00:00"}
