{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2969331663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2019.2934401","title":"Decoding a Complex Visualization in a Science Museum - An Empirical Study","display_name":"Decoding a Complex Visualization in a Science Museum - An Empirical Study","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2969331663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2019.2934401","mag":"2969331663","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31425113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2019.2934401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2019.2934401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.13193","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110060027","display_name":"Joyce Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294297726","display_name":"Exploratorium","ror":"https://ror.org/0037yf233","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294297726"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joyce Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Exploratorium, San Francisco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Exploratorium, San Francisco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294297726"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037161857","display_name":"Kwan\u2010Liu Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8086-0366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwan-Liu Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Davis"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Davis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003048902","display_name":"Jennifer Frazier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294297726","display_name":"Exploratorium","ror":"https://ror.org/0037yf233","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294297726"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Frazier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Exploratorium, San Francisco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Exploratorium, San Francisco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294297726"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.55,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83727407,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.8813983798027039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7859810590744019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.6742848753929138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.6729503273963928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/think-aloud-protocol","display_name":"Think aloud protocol","score":0.5713301301002502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.5191935300827026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tag-cloud","display_name":"Tag cloud","score":0.49301835894584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.4912492632865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.46828219294548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.44877704977989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-analytics","display_name":"Visual analytics","score":0.4196546971797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.41722023487091064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4045221507549286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2340652048587799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.1017916202545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10154521465301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10003674030303955}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.8813983798027039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7859810590744019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.6742848753929138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.6729503273963928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78821406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391810","display_name":"Think aloud protocol","level":3,"score":0.5713301301002502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5191935300827026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26983874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263864","display_name":"Tag cloud","level":3,"score":0.49301835894584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4912492632865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.46828219294548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.44877704977989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59732488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2528440","display_name":"Visual analytics","level":3,"score":0.4196546971797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.41722023487091064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4045221507549286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2340652048587799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.1017916202545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10154521465301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10003674030303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009144","descriptor_name":"Museums","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009144","descriptor_name":"Museums","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009144","descriptor_name":"Museums","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012586","descriptor_name":"Science","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012586","descriptor_name":"Science","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012586","descriptor_name":"Science","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2019.2934401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2019.2934401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31425113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31425113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1907.13193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.13193","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.13193","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1907.13193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.13193","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.13193","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8677134605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1322828","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G871799095","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1323214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W82178697","https://openalex.org/W1608452304","https://openalex.org/W1937349937","https://openalex.org/W1954569224","https://openalex.org/W1980877068","https://openalex.org/W1983333126","https://openalex.org/W1984011104","https://openalex.org/W1990559478","https://openalex.org/W2022380131","https://openalex.org/W2026492998","https://openalex.org/W2036674910","https://openalex.org/W2036815609","https://openalex.org/W2040297880","https://openalex.org/W2070392692","https://openalex.org/W2101073067","https://openalex.org/W2102099172","https://openalex.org/W2117578467","https://openalex.org/W2126153334","https://openalex.org/W2137561086","https://openalex.org/W2153862126","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2171073562","https://openalex.org/W2324169338","https://openalex.org/W2886409168","https://openalex.org/W2892222741","https://openalex.org/W2938488064","https://openalex.org/W3004163973","https://openalex.org/W3157907079","https://openalex.org/W4210953871","https://openalex.org/W4392164097","https://openalex.org/W6794172769","https://openalex.org/W6861824149"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3149127250","https://openalex.org/W2158984754","https://openalex.org/W2080934634","https://openalex.org/W4246764483","https://openalex.org/W2126824079","https://openalex.org/W2988258794","https://openalex.org/W2143428259","https://openalex.org/W2112083262","https://openalex.org/W4378086562","https://openalex.org/W2013467770"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,80],"describes":[2,114],"a":[3,14,21],"detailed":[4],"analysis":[5],"of":[6,20,42,76,133],"museum":[7],"visitors'":[8],"decoding":[9,107,123],"process":[10],"as":[11],"they":[12,99],"used":[13],"visualization":[15,44],"designed":[16],"to":[17,39,45,58,84,93],"support":[18],"exploration":[19],"large,":[22],"complex":[23],"dataset.":[24],"Quantitative":[25],"and":[26,48,55,70,101,104,121,124,131],"qualitative":[27],"analyses":[28],"revealed":[29],"that":[30],"it":[31],"took,":[32],"on":[33,128],"average,":[34],"43":[35],"seconds":[36,57],"for":[37,135],"visitors":[38,67,87],"decode":[40],"enough":[41],"the":[43,51,77,90,129],"see":[46],"patterns":[47],"relationships":[49],"in":[50],"underlying":[52],"data":[53,64,83],"represented,":[54],"54":[56],"arrive":[59],"at":[60],"their":[61,94],"first":[62],"correct":[63],"interpretation.":[65],"Furthermore,":[66],"decoded":[68],"throughout":[69],"not":[71],"only":[72],"upon":[73],"initial":[74],"use":[75],"visualization.":[78],"The":[79,111],"analyzed":[81],"think-aloud":[82],"identify":[85],"issues":[86,108],"had":[88],"mapping":[89],"visual":[91,117],"representations":[92],"intended":[95],"referents,":[96],"examine":[97],"why":[98],"occurred,":[100],"consider":[102],"if":[103],"how":[105,115],"these":[106],"were":[109],"resolved.":[110],"paper":[112],"also":[113],"multiple":[116],"encodings":[118],"both":[119],"helped":[120],"hindered":[122],"concludes":[125],"with":[126],"implications":[127],"design":[130],"adaptation":[132],"visualizations":[134],"informal":[136],"science":[137],"learning":[138],"venues.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
