{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912263983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2019.2895085","title":"How People Visually Represent Discrete Constraint Problems","display_name":"How People Visually Represent Discrete Constraint Problems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912263983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2019.2895085","mag":"2912263983","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30676965"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2019.2895085","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2019.2895085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101839931","display_name":"Xu Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2801-3271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2801-3271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081381214","display_name":"Miguel A. Nacenta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9864-9654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel A. Nacenta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9864-9654","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067041446","display_name":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr Akg\u00fcn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9519-938X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozgur Akgun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9519-938X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079214634","display_name":"Peter Nightingale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5052-8634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Nightingale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom","School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5052-8634","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6941,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70187085,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"8","first_page":"2603","last_page":"2619"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7868577241897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.6930927038192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.6496762633323669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-programming","display_name":"Constraint programming","score":0.6015080213546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grasp","display_name":"GRASP","score":0.5318491458892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5248827338218689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.5026025772094727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.47869136929512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4421417713165283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4409932494163513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-reasoning","display_name":"Visual reasoning","score":0.4146958291530609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fifth-generation-programming-language","display_name":"Fifth-generation programming language","score":0.41426026821136475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39483267068862915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.262408047914505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.1224277913570404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09246501326560974}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7868577241897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.6930927038192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.6496762633323669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173404611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528588","display_name":"Constraint programming","level":3,"score":0.6015080213546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.5318491458892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5248827338218689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.5026025772094727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.47869136929512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4421417713165283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4409932494163513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777508537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936620","display_name":"Visual reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4146958291530609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199305712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3205914","display_name":"Fifth-generation programming language","level":3,"score":0.41426026821136475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39483267068862915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.262408047914505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.1224277913570404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09246501326560974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137631369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617831","display_name":"Stochastic programming","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2019.2895085","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2019.2895085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30676965","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30676965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:141605","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/16952","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10023/16952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400230","display_name":"St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","host_organization_name":"University of St Andrews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1607966238","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1796157","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1765364223","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P015638/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5012872379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DTG1796157","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6556547270","display_name":"A Constraint Modelling Pipeline","funder_award_id":"EP/P015638/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41683454","https://openalex.org/W47957325","https://openalex.org/W110062765","https://openalex.org/W112398292","https://openalex.org/W186992169","https://openalex.org/W240729766","https://openalex.org/W307045130","https://openalex.org/W884650706","https://openalex.org/W1155831713","https://openalex.org/W1485232696","https://openalex.org/W1497386283","https://openalex.org/W1522006088","https://openalex.org/W1552415422","https://openalex.org/W1571742787","https://openalex.org/W1588957466","https://openalex.org/W1598380601","https://openalex.org/W1600882218","https://openalex.org/W1823329909","https://openalex.org/W1826372865","https://openalex.org/W1959365993","https://openalex.org/W1966645603","https://openalex.org/W1966976587","https://openalex.org/W1971544888","https://openalex.org/W1979802100","https://openalex.org/W1980169328","https://openalex.org/W1980510330","https://openalex.org/W1987398446","https://openalex.org/W1988788350","https://openalex.org/W1998017916","https://openalex.org/W2016030731","https://openalex.org/W2018859600","https://openalex.org/W2026507183","https://openalex.org/W2030181881","https://openalex.org/W2040717102","https://openalex.org/W2056229702","https://openalex.org/W2064229486","https://openalex.org/W2073536284","https://openalex.org/W2076638640","https://openalex.org/W2078404830","https://openalex.org/W2084944215","https://openalex.org/W2091491804","https://openalex.org/W2092187831","https://openalex.org/W2093353037","https://openalex.org/W2100757236","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2106128184","https://openalex.org/W2107062658","https://openalex.org/W2110957405","https://openalex.org/W2112974919","https://openalex.org/W2114045971","https://openalex.org/W2114877339","https://openalex.org/W2124293601","https://openalex.org/W2126698653","https://openalex.org/W2128922568","https://openalex.org/W2129815685","https://openalex.org/W2132210624","https://openalex.org/W2134461444","https://openalex.org/W2135482287","https://openalex.org/W2157096766","https://openalex.org/W2159875930","https://openalex.org/W2293620324","https://openalex.org/W2401208927","https://openalex.org/W2426714930","https://openalex.org/W2513057949","https://openalex.org/W2572695936","https://openalex.org/W2573978326","https://openalex.org/W2734924814","https://openalex.org/W2751335644","https://openalex.org/W2753739056","https://openalex.org/W2758792746","https://openalex.org/W2769636349","https://openalex.org/W2788934476","https://openalex.org/W2805488309","https://openalex.org/W2896871689","https://openalex.org/W2912944677","https://openalex.org/W2913602672","https://openalex.org/W2915825623","https://openalex.org/W2916974679","https://openalex.org/W3186928266","https://openalex.org/W4206807714","https://openalex.org/W4232897512","https://openalex.org/W4236990599","https://openalex.org/W4237212694","https://openalex.org/W4237622436","https://openalex.org/W4246884223","https://openalex.org/W4249468442","https://openalex.org/W4250267379","https://openalex.org/W4256461935","https://openalex.org/W4294214983","https://openalex.org/W6607493646","https://openalex.org/W6635994516","https://openalex.org/W6669788827","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6683988544","https://openalex.org/W6731757224","https://openalex.org/W6745053322","https://openalex.org/W6759781625","https://openalex.org/W7034940750"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W172721504","https://openalex.org/W1584569710","https://openalex.org/W1589232796","https://openalex.org/W87201186","https://openalex.org/W316728381","https://openalex.org/W2124081754","https://openalex.org/W2089928029","https://openalex.org/W4387645218","https://openalex.org/W9461901","https://openalex.org/W1505808374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Problems":[0],"such":[1,24,76,130],"as":[2],"timetabling":[3],"or":[4,63],"personnel":[5],"allocation":[6],"can":[7],"be":[8],"modeled":[9],"and":[10,39,43,50,55,74,105,155,158,169,192],"solved":[11],"using":[12],"discrete":[13],"constraint":[14,20,141,156],"programming":[15,81],"languages.":[16],"However,":[17],"while":[18],"existing":[19],"solving":[21],"software":[22],"solves":[23],"problems":[25,142,194],"quickly":[26],"in":[27],"many":[28,79],"cases,":[29],"these":[30],"systems":[31],"involve":[32],"specialized":[33],"languages":[34,46,82,100],"that":[35,136],"require":[36],"significant":[37],"time":[38],"effort":[40],"to":[41,53,72,117,172,181,188],"learn":[42],"apply.":[44],"These":[45],"are":[47],"typically":[48],"text-based":[49],"often":[51],"difficult":[52],"interpret":[54],"understand":[56,75],"quickly,":[57],"especially":[58],"for":[59,84,114],"people":[60,139,187],"without":[61,110],"engineering":[62],"mathematics":[64],"backgrounds.":[65],"Visualization":[66],"could":[67,101],"provide":[68,179],"an":[69],"alternative":[70],"way":[71],"model":[73,191],"problems.":[77],"Although":[78],"visual":[80,87,196],"exist":[83],"procedural":[85],"languages,":[86,131],"encoding":[88],"of":[89],"problem":[90,98,103,173],"specifications":[91],"has":[92],"not":[93],"received":[94],"much":[95],"attention.":[96],"Future":[97],"visualization":[99],"represent":[102,140],"elements":[104],"their":[106,119,160],"constraints":[107],"unambiguously,":[108],"but":[109],"unnecessary":[111],"cognitive":[112],"burdens":[113],"those":[115],"needing":[116],"translate":[118],"problem's":[120],"mental":[121],"representation":[122],"into":[123],"diagrams.":[124],"As":[125],"a":[126,134],"first":[127],"step":[128],"towards":[129],"we":[132],"executed":[133],"study":[135],"catalogs":[137],"how":[138],"graphically.":[143],"We":[144,178],"studied":[145],"three":[146],"groups":[147],"with":[148],"different":[149],"expertise:":[150],"non-computer":[151],"scientists,":[152],"computer":[153],"scientists":[154],"programmers":[157],"analyzed":[159],"marks":[161],"on":[162],"paper":[163],"(e.g.,":[164,167,175],"arrows),":[165],"gestures":[166],"pointing)":[168],"the":[170],"mappings":[171],"concepts":[174],"containers,":[176],"sets).":[177],"foundations":[180],"guide":[182],"future":[183],"tool":[184],"designs":[185],"allowing":[186],"effectively":[189],"grasp,":[190],"solve":[193],"through":[195],"representations.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
