{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2913267298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2019.2894627","title":"Depth of Field Rendering Using Multilayer-Neighborhood Optimization","display_name":"Depth of Field Rendering Using Multilayer-Neighborhood Optimization","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2913267298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2019.2894627","mag":"2913267298","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30676963"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2019.2894627","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2019.2894627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004959136","display_name":"Benxuan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benxuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102765877","display_name":"Bin Sheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100435494","display_name":"Ping Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-0240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050657606","display_name":"Tong\u2010Yee Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6699-2944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong-Yee Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004959136"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2147,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82859197,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"8","first_page":"2546","last_page":"2559"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.7859804034233093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7814042568206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7700061798095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7475286722183228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7113419771194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-based-modeling-and-rendering","display_name":"Image-based modeling and rendering","score":0.5778380632400513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discontinuity","display_name":"Discontinuity (linguistics)","score":0.48539435863494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.42132487893104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17338454723358154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.7859804034233093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7814042568206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7700061798095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7475286722183228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7113419771194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44185422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002064","display_name":"Image-based modeling and rendering","level":3,"score":0.5778380632400513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281658","display_name":"Discontinuity (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48539435863494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.42132487893104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17338454723358154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2019.2894627","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2019.2894627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30676963","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30676963","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1433270859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61572316","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2153763981","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"17411952600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4464649731","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFC1300302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G582597874","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFE0104000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5878949706","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16DZ0501100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7196794454","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18410750700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7808128244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872241","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8377808686","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"107-2221-E-006-196-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/03kt66j61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130305120","https://openalex.org/W1488715866","https://openalex.org/W1524528038","https://openalex.org/W1585668122","https://openalex.org/W1718918272","https://openalex.org/W1975049209","https://openalex.org/W1993120651","https://openalex.org/W1995548456","https://openalex.org/W2002505491","https://openalex.org/W2007165614","https://openalex.org/W2012875423","https://openalex.org/W2014131801","https://openalex.org/W2021924320","https://openalex.org/W2025564674","https://openalex.org/W2069652496","https://openalex.org/W2071118198","https://openalex.org/W2071635826","https://openalex.org/W2085575672","https://openalex.org/W2094326296","https://openalex.org/W2111797598","https://openalex.org/W2114284422","https://openalex.org/W2116196132","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2118497241","https://openalex.org/W2133062512","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2148409618","https://openalex.org/W2155113687","https://openalex.org/W2155479981","https://openalex.org/W2155617382","https://openalex.org/W2156186951","https://openalex.org/W2163369420","https://openalex.org/W2173197174","https://openalex.org/W2173672816","https://openalex.org/W2330620395","https://openalex.org/W2344700153","https://openalex.org/W2430898906","https://openalex.org/W2498503817","https://openalex.org/W2514521218","https://openalex.org/W2550791380","https://openalex.org/W2582117893","https://openalex.org/W2611024852","https://openalex.org/W2617753185","https://openalex.org/W2769651170","https://openalex.org/W2984877841","https://openalex.org/W3016556061","https://openalex.org/W3024382315","https://openalex.org/W4230548574","https://openalex.org/W6634891648","https://openalex.org/W6651123648","https://openalex.org/W6668239849","https://openalex.org/W6701740136","https://openalex.org/W6963639170"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W291250033","https://openalex.org/W4237178794","https://openalex.org/W2035757446","https://openalex.org/W3137044537","https://openalex.org/W2008385118","https://openalex.org/W880955280","https://openalex.org/W2106647072","https://openalex.org/W4246858109","https://openalex.org/W2028281716","https://openalex.org/W2170209930"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Depth":[0],"of":[1,39,103],"field":[2],"(DOF)":[3],"is":[4],"utilized":[5],"widely":[6],"to":[7,56,74,99,118,132],"deliver":[8],"artistic":[9],"effects":[10,20,78],"in":[11,107],"photography.":[12],"However,":[13],"existing":[14],"post-processing":[15],"techniques":[16],"for":[17,79],"rendering":[18,162],"DOF":[19,77,139,161],"introduce":[21],"visual":[22],"artifacts":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25],"color":[26,150],"leakage,":[27,151],"blurring":[28,152],"discontinuity,":[29],"and":[30,123,154],"the":[31,37,76,101,108,125,134],"partial":[32,155],"occlusion":[33,156],"problems":[34],"which":[35,67],"limit":[36],"application":[38],"DOF.":[40],"Traditionally,":[41],"occluded":[42,70,104,120],"pixels":[43,71,121],"are":[44,85],"ignored":[45],"or":[46],"not":[47],"well":[48],"estimated":[49],"although":[50],"they":[51],"might":[52],"make":[53],"key":[54],"contributions":[55,122],"images.":[57,80,126],"In":[58,81],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"we":[61,94,128],"propose":[62,113],"a":[63,114],"new":[64,115],"filtering":[65],"approach":[66,147],"takes":[68],"approximated":[69],"into":[72,87],"account":[73],"synthesize":[75],"our":[82,146],"approach,":[83],"images":[84,136],"separated":[86],"different":[88],"layers":[89],"based":[90],"on":[91],"depth.":[92],"Besides,":[93],"utilize":[95],"adaptive":[96],"PatchMatch":[97],"method":[98],"estimate":[100,119],"intensities":[102],"pixels,":[105],"especially":[106],"background":[109],"region.":[110],"We":[111],"again":[112],"multilayer-neighborhood":[116],"optimization":[117],"render":[124],"Finally,":[127],"apply":[129],"gathering":[130],"filter":[131],"achieve":[133],"rendered":[135],"with":[137],"elite":[138],"effects.":[140,163],"Multiple":[141],"experiments":[142],"have":[143],"shown":[144],"that":[145],"can":[148],"handle":[149],"discontinuity":[153],"problem":[157],"while":[158],"providing":[159],"high-quality":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
