{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2886614482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2018.2864499","title":"Manifold: A Model-Agnostic Framework for Interpretation and Diagnosis of Machine Learning Models","display_name":"Manifold: A Model-Agnostic Framework for Interpretation and Diagnosis of Machine Learning Models","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2886614482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2018.2864499","mag":"2886614482","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30130197"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2018.2864499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2018.2864499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.00196","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100462860","display_name":"Jiawei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6321-1593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100714578","display_name":"Yang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6815-0879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2946016260","display_name":"Uber AI (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05vm0ed18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2946016260"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Uber Technologies, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Uber Technologies, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2946016260"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028406899","display_name":"Piero Molino","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2946016260","display_name":"Uber AI (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05vm0ed18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2946016260"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piero Molino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Uber AI Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Uber AI Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2946016260"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028843823","display_name":"Lezhi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5872-0842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2946016260","display_name":"Uber AI (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05vm0ed18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2946016260"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lezhi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Uber Technologies, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Uber Technologies, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2946016260"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018584803","display_name":"David S. Ebert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-1296"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David S. Ebert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100462860"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.0198,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":222,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98846911,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"364","last_page":"373"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8354806900024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7087929844856262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7008368372917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.6651877760887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.6273483037948608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.5123237371444702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5118560194969177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-and-incremental-development","display_name":"Iterative and incremental development","score":0.46411022543907166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.44500330090522766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.44480568170547485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.442394882440567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.18048691749572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.15438026189804077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8354806900024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7087929844856262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7008368372917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.6651877760887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6273483037948608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5123237371444702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5118560194969177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143587482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543216","display_name":"Iterative and incremental development","level":2,"score":0.46411022543907166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44500330090522766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.44480568170547485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.442394882440567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.18048691749572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.15438026189804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2018.2864499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2018.2864499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30130197","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30130197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1808.00196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.00196","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.00196","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1808.00196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.00196","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.00196","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501005121","https://openalex.org/W1574901103","https://openalex.org/W1825675169","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1974584593","https://openalex.org/W1974767305","https://openalex.org/W1981119726","https://openalex.org/W1999546536","https://openalex.org/W2010058478","https://openalex.org/W2012457675","https://openalex.org/W2037894060","https://openalex.org/W2053075547","https://openalex.org/W2087382273","https://openalex.org/W2090645352","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2127058057","https://openalex.org/W2137406659","https://openalex.org/W2142493242","https://openalex.org/W2158778465","https://openalex.org/W2160382748","https://openalex.org/W2168573280","https://openalex.org/W2186022498","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2394669110","https://openalex.org/W2510750606","https://openalex.org/W2512274390","https://openalex.org/W2512304460","https://openalex.org/W2587299461","https://openalex.org/W2607223307","https://openalex.org/W2751722336","https://openalex.org/W2752194699","https://openalex.org/W2752332392","https://openalex.org/W2753713840","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2963473969","https://openalex.org/W2963795072","https://openalex.org/W2964200170","https://openalex.org/W2981233016","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6768945941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321442002","https://openalex.org/W2015265939","https://openalex.org/W2284072287","https://openalex.org/W2611067230","https://openalex.org/W2480201319","https://openalex.org/W2387706296","https://openalex.org/W2155788121","https://openalex.org/W4235469518","https://openalex.org/W362492756","https://openalex.org/W2294325978"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interpretation":[0],"and":[1,33,43,103,112,119,145,152,171,190,193],"diagnosis":[2,146],"of":[3,35,55,100,126,133,184],"machine":[4,36,197],"learning":[5,37,198],"models":[6,38],"have":[7],"gained":[8],"renewed":[9],"interest":[10],"in":[11,16,39,141],"recent":[12],"years":[13],"with":[14],"breakthroughs":[15],"new":[17],"approaches.":[18],"We":[19,122,180],"present":[20],"Manifold,":[21],"a":[22,40,56,70,87,162,172],"framework":[23,89,186],"that":[24,90,137,166,176],"utilizes":[25],"visual":[26,156,164],"analysis":[27],"techniques":[28,47],"to":[29,67,69],"support":[30],"interpretation,":[31],"debugging,":[32],"comparison":[34],"more":[41,71],"transparent":[42],"interactive":[44],"manner.":[45],"Conventional":[46],"usually":[48],"focus":[49],"on":[50,94,187],"visualizing":[51],"the":[52,65,97,101,106,113,116,124,142,168,185,188],"internal":[53,98],"logic":[54,99],"specific":[57],"model":[58,76,102,143],"type":[59],"(i.e.,":[60,108,115],"deep":[61],"neural":[62],"networks),":[63],"lacking":[64],"ability":[66],"extend":[68],"complex":[72],"scenario":[73],"where":[74,201],"different":[75],"types":[77],"are":[78,138],"integrated.":[79],"To":[80],"this":[81],"end,":[82],"Manifold":[83,127,202],"is":[84],"designed":[85],"as":[86,128],"generic":[88],"does":[91],"not":[92],"rely":[93],"or":[95,110],"access":[96],"solely":[104],"observes":[105],"input":[107],"instances":[109],"features)":[111],"output":[114],"predicted":[117],"result":[118],"probability":[120],"distribution).":[121],"describe":[123],"workflow":[125],"an":[129],"iterative":[130],"process":[131],"consisting":[132],"three":[134],"major":[135],"phases":[136],"commonly":[139],"involved":[140],"development":[144],"process:":[147],"inspection":[148],"(hypothesis),":[149],"explanation":[150],"(reasoning),":[151],"refinement":[153],"(verification).":[154],"The":[155],"components":[157],"supporting":[158],"these":[159],"tasks":[160,192],"include":[161],"scatterplot-based":[163],"summary":[165],"overviews":[167],"models'":[169],"outcome":[170],"customizable":[173],"tabular":[174],"view":[175],"reveals":[177],"feature":[178],"discrimination.":[179],"demonstrate":[181],"current":[182],"applications":[183],"classification":[189],"regression":[191],"discuss":[194],"other":[195],"potential":[196],"use":[199],"scenarios":[200],"can":[203],"be":[204],"applied.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}