{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2328292262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2016.2535331","title":"Generating Ambiguous Figure-Ground Images","display_name":"Generating Ambiguous Figure-Ground Images","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2328292262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2016.2535331","mag":"2328292262","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26930686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2016.2535331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2016.2535331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038677610","display_name":"Ying-Miao Kuo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying-Miao Kuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056045120","display_name":"Hung\u2010Kuo Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7153-4411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hung-Kuo Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083345538","display_name":"Ming-Te Chi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9014-7561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87354575","display_name":"National Chengchi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rqk8h36","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87354575"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Te Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87354575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050124791","display_name":"Ruen\u2010Rone Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0368-3973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruen-Rone Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050657606","display_name":"Tong\u2010Yee Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6699-2944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong-Yee Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038677610"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.50154715,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72773581,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"1534","last_page":"1545"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7854310870170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7301519513130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7017242312431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/figure\u2013ground","display_name":"Figure\u2013ground","score":0.582655668258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.561271607875824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.46727076172828674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4554173946380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.45497632026672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.441401869058609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-image","display_name":"Binary image","score":0.42576122283935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.41651827096939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.3454991579055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.30186206102371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2505236566066742}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7854310870170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7301519513130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7017242312431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104319648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412040","display_name":"Figure\u2013ground","level":3,"score":0.582655668258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.561271607875824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.46727076172828674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4554173946380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.45497632026672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.441401869058609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193828747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864118","display_name":"Binary image","level":4,"score":0.42576122283935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41651827096939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.3454991579055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.30186206102371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2505236566066742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2016.2535331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2016.2535331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26930686","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26930686","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2007340480","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"104-2218-E-004-003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7102808363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"102-2221-E-007-055-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7992693343","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"104-2221-E-006-044-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8840898106","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"103-2221-E-007-065-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309913","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323092","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W135629227","https://openalex.org/W654771987","https://openalex.org/W1531902019","https://openalex.org/W1584188478","https://openalex.org/W1738124305","https://openalex.org/W1975353982","https://openalex.org/W1981934656","https://openalex.org/W1993980524","https://openalex.org/W1997411168","https://openalex.org/W2015475217","https://openalex.org/W2029410511","https://openalex.org/W2038952578","https://openalex.org/W2040430078","https://openalex.org/W2043778525","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2053410789","https://openalex.org/W2054182777","https://openalex.org/W2057175746","https://openalex.org/W2060206980","https://openalex.org/W2067191022","https://openalex.org/W2069323107","https://openalex.org/W2069361132","https://openalex.org/W2100318434","https://openalex.org/W2106404777","https://openalex.org/W2144275684","https://openalex.org/W2154574107","https://openalex.org/W2168002178","https://openalex.org/W2175160520","https://openalex.org/W2293760838","https://openalex.org/W2294269662","https://openalex.org/W2294312922","https://openalex.org/W2296054617","https://openalex.org/W2296153970","https://openalex.org/W2766378918","https://openalex.org/W2913107507","https://openalex.org/W2998377088","https://openalex.org/W3206963310","https://openalex.org/W4235645887","https://openalex.org/W4247382745","https://openalex.org/W4254289573","https://openalex.org/W6605517700","https://openalex.org/W6685621245","https://openalex.org/W6759108850","https://openalex.org/W6803070072"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3186605777","https://openalex.org/W3107295340","https://openalex.org/W1989545120","https://openalex.org/W2574769845","https://openalex.org/W146855993","https://openalex.org/W2220864757","https://openalex.org/W3080815883","https://openalex.org/W2161674153","https://openalex.org/W1978863158","https://openalex.org/W2794758705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ambiguous":[0],"figure-ground":[1,127],"images,":[2,7],"mostly":[3],"represented":[4],"as":[5,10,34,44,79],"binary":[6,81],"are":[8,202],"fascinating":[9],"they":[11],"present":[12,67],"viewers":[13],"a":[14,22,35,80,92,99,105,117,135,174,182],"visual":[15],"phenomena":[16],"of":[17,125,161,177,185,195,200],"perceiving":[18],"multiple":[19],"interpretations":[20],"from":[21],"single":[23],"image.":[24],"In":[25,55],"one":[26],"possible":[27],"interpretation,":[28],"the":[29,39,60,77,154,159,165],"white":[30],"region":[31,41],"is":[32,42,114],"seen":[33],"foreground":[36],"figure":[37],"while":[38],"black":[40],"treated":[43],"shapeless":[45],"background.":[46],"Such":[47],"perception":[48,65],"can":[49],"reverse":[50],"instantly":[51],"at":[52],"any":[53],"moment.":[54],"this":[56,63],"paper,":[57],"we":[58,130],"investigate":[59],"theory":[61],"behind":[62],"ambiguous":[64,126],"and":[66,88,150,180,198],"an":[68,139,146,205],"automatic":[69],"algorithm":[70,96],"to":[71,103],"generate":[72],"such":[73],"images.":[74,128],"We":[75,168],"model":[76],"problem":[78],"image":[82,151],"composition":[83],"using":[84,138,173],"two":[85],"object":[86,162],"contours":[87,133,163],"approach":[89],"it":[90],"through":[91,204],"three-stage":[93],"pipeline.":[94],"The":[95,193],"first":[97],"performs":[98],"partial":[100,107],"shape":[101,119],"matching":[102,109,113,120],"find":[104],"good":[106],"contour":[108,137,141,156],"between":[110],"objects.":[111],"This":[112],"based":[115],"on":[116],"content-aware":[118],"metric,":[121],"which":[122],"captures":[123],"features":[124],"Then":[129],"combine":[131],"matched":[132],"into":[134],"compound":[136,155],"adaptive":[140],"deformation,":[142],"followed":[143],"by":[144],"computing":[145],"optimal":[147],"cropping":[148],"window":[149],"binarization":[152],"for":[153],"that":[157],"maximize":[158],"completeness":[160],"in":[164],"final":[166],"composition.":[167],"have":[169],"tested":[170],"our":[171,196],"system":[172,197],"wide":[175],"range":[176],"input":[178],"objects":[179],"generated":[181],"large":[183],"number":[184],"convincing":[186],"examples":[187],"with":[188],"or":[189],"without":[190],"user":[191],"guidance.":[192],"efficiency":[194],"quality":[199],"results":[201],"verified":[203],"extensive":[206],"experimental":[207],"study.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}