{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2172463224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2015.2500240","title":"Lightness Constancy in Surface Visualization","display_name":"Lightness Constancy in Surface Visualization","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2172463224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2015.2500240","mag":"2172463224","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26584495"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2015.2500240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2015.2500240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056903170","display_name":"Danielle Albers Szafir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3634-8597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Danielle Albers Szafir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035982870","display_name":"Alper Sar\u0131kaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0280-3707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alper Sarikaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084778474","display_name":"Michael Gleicher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3295-4071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Gleicher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056903170"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4204,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72583812,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"9","first_page":"2107","last_page":"2121"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12496","display_name":"Color perception and design","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12496","display_name":"Color perception and design","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.8346611857414246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightness","display_name":"Lightness","score":0.7556201219558716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6723470091819763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.6294790506362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5152616500854492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.49683716893196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-constancy","display_name":"Color constancy","score":0.4949497580528259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.49221768975257874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.4659159481525421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-visualization","display_name":"Information visualization","score":0.4273516833782196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41170552372932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3993641138076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.33738839626312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.154129296541214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.08579054474830627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07919371128082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.07414984703063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.06543317437171936}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.8346611857414246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193601281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19426","display_name":"Lightness","level":2,"score":0.7556201219558716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6723470091819763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.6294790506362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5152616500854492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49683716893196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187888035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2563885","display_name":"Color constancy","level":3,"score":0.4949497580528259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.49221768975257874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4659159481525421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185578843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10609775","display_name":"Information visualization","level":3,"score":0.4273516833782196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41170552372932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3993641138076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.33738839626312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.154129296541214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08579054474830627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07919371128082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.07414984703063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.06543317437171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2015.2500240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2015.2500240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26584495","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26584495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4473059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4982670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2878405830","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1162037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7266798730","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5R01AI077376-07","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G97053241","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI-0941013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337391","display_name":"Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/028yd4c30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65018654","https://openalex.org/W176496883","https://openalex.org/W255996521","https://openalex.org/W1590507653","https://openalex.org/W1968379509","https://openalex.org/W1970545415","https://openalex.org/W1982386826","https://openalex.org/W1983726079","https://openalex.org/W1992385516","https://openalex.org/W1992412606","https://openalex.org/W2002561198","https://openalex.org/W2004360551","https://openalex.org/W2012415032","https://openalex.org/W2017101805","https://openalex.org/W2023731008","https://openalex.org/W2026703635","https://openalex.org/W2027704288","https://openalex.org/W2029667189","https://openalex.org/W2031016961","https://openalex.org/W2031843365","https://openalex.org/W2038932466","https://openalex.org/W2040124358","https://openalex.org/W2040792642","https://openalex.org/W2049095802","https://openalex.org/W2053448121","https://openalex.org/W2060024353","https://openalex.org/W2065810151","https://openalex.org/W2069376990","https://openalex.org/W2072513877","https://openalex.org/W2076205488","https://openalex.org/W2086301945","https://openalex.org/W2097778683","https://openalex.org/W2100343305","https://openalex.org/W2105717026","https://openalex.org/W2109854542","https://openalex.org/W2117470435","https://openalex.org/W2120514074","https://openalex.org/W2120831453","https://openalex.org/W2130479394","https://openalex.org/W2132629607","https://openalex.org/W2136022943","https://openalex.org/W2140992384","https://openalex.org/W2141708418","https://openalex.org/W2145191135","https://openalex.org/W2147085530","https://openalex.org/W2149505678","https://openalex.org/W2150986020","https://openalex.org/W2151401338","https://openalex.org/W2152167878","https://openalex.org/W2154069299","https://openalex.org/W2157096042","https://openalex.org/W2160624298","https://openalex.org/W2161141071","https://openalex.org/W2162749542","https://openalex.org/W2163796434","https://openalex.org/W2164972035","https://openalex.org/W2166851843","https://openalex.org/W2168758749","https://openalex.org/W2171522901","https://openalex.org/W2177731497","https://openalex.org/W2339160999","https://openalex.org/W2397406861","https://openalex.org/W2563571893","https://openalex.org/W2613546176","https://openalex.org/W3000113330","https://openalex.org/W4211258697","https://openalex.org/W4292408067","https://openalex.org/W4293003482","https://openalex.org/W6602647839","https://openalex.org/W6609701964","https://openalex.org/W6703983643","https://openalex.org/W6711911964","https://openalex.org/W6730421610"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237735386","https://openalex.org/W2164847484","https://openalex.org/W2135983209","https://openalex.org/W2791570534","https://openalex.org/W3010975807","https://openalex.org/W2027333138","https://openalex.org/W3185027765","https://openalex.org/W2096373083","https://openalex.org/W2105200106","https://openalex.org/W2151530263"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Color":[0],"is":[1,12,35,74],"a":[2,41,80,138],"common":[3,108],"channel":[4],"for":[5,37,95],"displaying":[6],"data":[7,28],"in":[8,29,40,47,66,129,133,147,164],"surface":[9,22,33,72,97,120,134,155],"visualization,":[10],"but":[11],"affected":[13],"by":[14],"the":[15,30,51,89],"shadows":[16],"and":[17,24,84,136,149],"shading":[18],"used":[19],"to":[20,58,116],"convey":[21],"depth":[23],"shape.":[25],"Understanding":[26],"encoded":[27,119],"context":[31],"of":[32,43,82,91,106,154],"structure":[34],"critical":[36],"effective":[38,168],"analysis":[39],"variety":[42],"domains,":[44],"such":[45,70],"as":[46,71],"molecular":[48,96],"biology.":[49],"In":[50],"physical":[52],"world,":[53],"lightness":[54,92,126],"constancy":[55,93,127,163],"allows":[56],"people":[57],"accurately":[59,117],"perceive":[60],"shadowed":[61],"colors;":[62],"however,":[63],"its":[64],"effectiveness":[65],"complex":[67],"synthetic":[68],"environments":[69],"visualizations":[73,98],"not":[75],"well":[76],"understood.":[77],"We":[78,102],"report":[79],"series":[81],"crowdsourced":[83],"laboratory":[85],"studies":[86],"that":[87,125,143,151,161],"confirm":[88],"existence":[90],"effects":[94],"using":[99],"ambient":[100],"occlusion.":[101],"provide":[103],"empirical":[104],"evidence":[105],"how":[107],"visualization":[109,135,141,169],"design":[110],"decisions":[111],"can":[112,166],"impact":[113],"viewers'":[114],"abilities":[115],"identify":[118],"colors.":[121],"These":[122,157],"findings":[123],"suggest":[124,160],"aids":[128],"understanding":[130,162],"color":[131,145],"encodings":[132],"reveal":[137],"correlation":[139],"between":[140],"techniques":[142],"improve":[144],"interpretation":[146],"shadow":[148],"those":[150],"enhance":[152],"perceptions":[153],"depth.":[156],"results":[158],"collectively":[159],"practice":[165],"inform":[167],"design.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
