{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2944996997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsusc.2019.2914917","title":"WARDOG: Awareness Detection Watchdog for Botnet Infection on the Host Device","display_name":"WARDOG: Awareness Detection Watchdog for Botnet Infection on the Host Device","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2944996997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsusc.2019.2914917","mag":"2944996997"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsusc.2019.2914917","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsusc.2019.2914917","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221417","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing","issn_l":"2377-3782","issn":["2377-3782","2377-3790"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089546492","display_name":"George Hatzivasilis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8901234","display_name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/052rphn09","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Hatzivasilis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Foundation for Research and Technology \u2013 Hellas (FORTH), Patras, GR, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2213-7759","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foundation for Research and Technology \u2013 Hellas (FORTH), Patras, GR, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065216338","display_name":"Othonas Soultatos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3309-3202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","display_name":"City, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04489at23","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O. Soultatos","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3309-3202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045821405","display_name":"Panos Chatziadam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0501-5845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8901234","display_name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/052rphn09","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Chatziadam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Foundation for Research and Technology \u2013 Hellas (FORTH), Patras, GR, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0501-5845","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foundation for Research and Technology \u2013 Hellas (FORTH), Patras, GR, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031168063","display_name":"Konstantinos Fysarakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6871-8102"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Fysarakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sphynx Technology Solutions AG, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6871-8102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sphynx Technology Solutions AG, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113795944","display_name":"Ioannis Askoxylakis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8901234","display_name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/052rphn09","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Askoxylakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Foundation for Research and Technology \u2013 Hellas (FORTH), Patras, GR, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foundation for Research and Technology \u2013 Hellas (FORTH), Patras, GR, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022073151","display_name":"Sotiris Ioannidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9340-2241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8901234","display_name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/052rphn09","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Ioannidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Foundation for Research and Technology \u2013 Hellas (FORTH), Patras, GR, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foundation for Research and Technology \u2013 Hellas (FORTH), Patras, GR, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029602479","display_name":"George Alexandris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3700-4764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8901234","display_name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/052rphn09","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9300472","display_name":"Bournemouth University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wwcw481","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"]}],"countries":["GB","GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Alexandris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bournemouth University, Dorset, United Kingdom","Foundation for Research and Technology \u2013 Hellas (FORTH), Patras, GR, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bournemouth University, Dorset, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foundation for Research and Technology \u2013 Hellas (FORTH), Patras, GR, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037619435","display_name":"Vasilios Katos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6132-3004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9300472","display_name":"Bournemouth University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wwcw481","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Katos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bournemouth University, Dorset, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6132-3004","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bournemouth University, Dorset, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053220738","display_name":"George Spanoudakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0037-2600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","display_name":"City, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04489at23","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Spanoudakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.244,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8114046,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"4","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.9606990814208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7909343242645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6706565022468567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/host","display_name":"Host (biology)","score":0.6165850758552551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/honeypot","display_name":"Honeypot","score":0.5822943449020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.5155944228172302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.41647839546203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.3809399902820587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.17947876453399658}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.9606990814208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7909343242645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6706565022468567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126831891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673","display_name":"Host (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6165850758552551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191267431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911932","display_name":"Honeypot","level":2,"score":0.5822943449020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.5155944228172302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.41647839546203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3809399902820587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.17947876453399658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsusc.2019.2914917","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsusc.2019.2914917","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221417","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing","issn_l":"2377-3782","issn":["2377-3782","2377-3790"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk:36306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400187","display_name":"Bournemouth University Research Online (Bournemouth University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9300472","host_organization_name":"Bournemouth University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.city.ac.uk:31534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/view/creators_id/g=2Ee=2Espanoudakis.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401940","display_name":"City Research Online (City University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","host_organization_name":"City, University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52213284","https://openalex.org/W134285089","https://openalex.org/W170020907","https://openalex.org/W273857309","https://openalex.org/W974692520","https://openalex.org/W1494112390","https://openalex.org/W1499648394","https://openalex.org/W1536967553","https://openalex.org/W1538742753","https://openalex.org/W1901542899","https://openalex.org/W1965350948","https://openalex.org/W1965857701","https://openalex.org/W1972197573","https://openalex.org/W1984479361","https://openalex.org/W1988356170","https://openalex.org/W1993861188","https://openalex.org/W2005813008","https://openalex.org/W2011022073","https://openalex.org/W2037515642","https://openalex.org/W2040606021","https://openalex.org/W2042752025","https://openalex.org/W2045880951","https://openalex.org/W2052524124","https://openalex.org/W2065323196","https://openalex.org/W2103049871","https://openalex.org/W2111542531","https://openalex.org/W2115026336","https://openalex.org/W2124534561","https://openalex.org/W2132612496","https://openalex.org/W2136928584","https://openalex.org/W2141985040","https://openalex.org/W2142902108","https://openalex.org/W2152374361","https://openalex.org/W2152955531","https://openalex.org/W2154888235","https://openalex.org/W2158673492","https://openalex.org/W2160727041","https://openalex.org/W2162969618","https://openalex.org/W2180622150","https://openalex.org/W2193917151","https://openalex.org/W2200019417","https://openalex.org/W2233063544","https://openalex.org/W2257735353","https://openalex.org/W2263506554","https://openalex.org/W2277899513","https://openalex.org/W2290151134","https://openalex.org/W2290455711","https://openalex.org/W2299450638","https://openalex.org/W2342718701","https://openalex.org/W2342992012","https://openalex.org/W2418467033","https://openalex.org/W2485176934","https://openalex.org/W2543865509","https://openalex.org/W2614230424","https://openalex.org/W2616500279","https://openalex.org/W2689215485","https://openalex.org/W2737741152","https://openalex.org/W2748868501","https://openalex.org/W2753709523","https://openalex.org/W2754269241","https://openalex.org/W2760320879","https://openalex.org/W2770182958","https://openalex.org/W2786668512","https://openalex.org/W2790735776","https://openalex.org/W2793130454","https://openalex.org/W2798081771","https://openalex.org/W3005095411","https://openalex.org/W3099769045","https://openalex.org/W3125548490","https://openalex.org/W4206612686","https://openalex.org/W4247815045","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6630065162","https://openalex.org/W6680041406","https://openalex.org/W6683222588","https://openalex.org/W6743493502"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2789663798","https://openalex.org/W2375896275","https://openalex.org/W2166943775","https://openalex.org/W2158007046","https://openalex.org/W2775236000","https://openalex.org/W2071426633","https://openalex.org/W2349754162","https://openalex.org/W1903420481","https://openalex.org/W4253323281","https://openalex.org/W2374617321"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Botnets":[0],"constitute":[1],"nowadays":[2],"one":[3],"of":[4,13,35,38,44,68,87,131,150,194],"the":[5,33,36,42,66,69,73,102,118,125,148,151,156,171,190,197],"most":[6],"dangerous":[7],"security":[8,122],"threats":[9],"worldwide.":[10],"High":[11],"volumes":[12],"infected":[14],"machines":[15],"are":[16,140],"controlled":[17],"by":[18,170],"a":[19,85,98,178],"malicious":[20],"entity":[21],"and":[22,60,76,95,114,124,134,186],"perform":[23],"coordinated":[24],"cyber-attacks.":[25],"The":[26,89,104,120,137],"problem":[27],"will":[28],"become":[29],"even":[30],"worse":[31],"in":[32,84,117,154,183,196],"era":[34],"Internet":[37],"Things":[39],"(IoT)":[40],"as":[41],"number":[43],"insecure":[45],"devices":[46],"is":[47,159,181],"going":[48],"to":[49],"be":[50,82],"exponentially":[51],"increased.":[52],"This":[53],"paper":[54],"presents":[55],"WARDOG":[56,195],"-":[57],"an":[58],"awareness":[59],"digital":[61],"forensic":[62,108],"system":[63],"that":[64,80,166],"informs":[65],"end-user":[67],"botnet's":[70],"infection,":[71],"exposes":[72],"botnet":[74,157],"infrastructure,":[75],"captures":[77],"verifiable":[78],"data":[79],"can":[81],"utilized":[83],"court":[86],"law.":[88],"responsible":[90],"authority":[91],"gathers":[92],"all":[93,111],"information":[94],"automatically":[96],"generates":[97],"unitary":[99],"documentation":[100],"for":[101],"case.":[103],"document":[105],"contains":[106],"undisputed":[107],"information,":[109],"tracking":[110],"involved":[112],"parties":[113],"their":[115],"role":[116],"attack.":[119],"deployed":[121],"mechanisms":[123],"overall":[126],"administration":[127],"setting":[128],"ensures":[129],"non-repudiation":[130],"performed":[132],"actions":[133],"enforces":[135],"accountability.":[136],"provided":[138],"properties":[139],"verified":[141],"through":[142],"theoretic":[143],"analysis.":[144],"In":[145],"simulated":[146],"environment,":[147],"effectiveness":[149],"proposed":[152],"solution,":[153],"mitigating":[155],"operations,":[158],"also":[160],"tested":[161],"against":[162],"real":[163,184],"attack":[164],"strategies":[165],"have":[167],"been":[168],"captured":[169],"FORTHcert":[172],"honeypots,":[173],"overcoming":[174],"state-of-the-art":[175],"solutions.":[176],"Moreover,":[177],"preliminary":[179],"version":[180],"implemented":[182],"computers":[185],"IoT":[187],"devices,":[188],"highlighting":[189],"low":[191],"computational/communicational":[192],"overheads":[193],"field.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}