{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3041554069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp49548.2020.9163517","title":"A Reflectivity-Based GPR Signal Processing Methodology for Mapping Tree Root Systems of Street Trees","display_name":"A Reflectivity-Based GPR Signal Processing Methodology for Mapping Tree Root Systems of Street Trees","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3041554069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp49548.2020.9163517","mag":"3041554069"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp49548.2020.9163517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp49548.2020.9163517","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 43rd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007679297","display_name":"Livia Lantini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0416-1077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","display_name":"University of West London","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5mzp60","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Livia Lantini","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067068217","display_name":"Iraklis Giannakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7672-8992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","display_name":"University of West London","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5mzp60","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iraklis Giannakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053456097","display_name":"Fabio Tosti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0291-9937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","display_name":"University of West London","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5mzp60","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Tosti","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040520122","display_name":"Dale Mortimer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dale Mortimer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tree Service, London Borough of Ealing, Perceval House 14-16 Uxbridge Road, Ealing, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tree Service, London Borough of Ealing, Perceval House 14-16 Uxbridge Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103513644","display_name":"Amir M. Alani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","display_name":"University of West London","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5mzp60","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir M. Alani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0955,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70557308,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"449","last_page":"452"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9767000079154968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.9079852104187012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5903272032737732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5660539269447327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5127854943275452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5075682401657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nondestructive-testing","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","score":0.46415767073631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.46274712681770325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.45483797788619995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-architecture","display_name":"Systems architecture","score":0.44748198986053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.38808342814445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2410215437412262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.16170254349708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1527790129184723}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.9079852104187012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5903272032737732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5660539269447327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5127854943275452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5075682401657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56529433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626700","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","level":2,"score":0.46415767073631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.46274712681770325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.45483797788619995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.44748198986053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.38808342814445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2410215437412262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16170254349708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1527790129184723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp49548.2020.9163517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp49548.2020.9163517","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 43rd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.uwl.ac.uk:7004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0416-1077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402477","display_name":"UWL Repository (University of West London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","host_organization_name":"University of West London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.kingston.ac.uk:52253","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/52253/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma3.it:11590/373773","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11590/373773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196120","display_name":"Iris (Roma Tre University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119003972","host_organization_name":"Roma Tre University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32809042","https://openalex.org/W1527665898","https://openalex.org/W1966788427","https://openalex.org/W1976607839","https://openalex.org/W1984619881","https://openalex.org/W1990609136","https://openalex.org/W1991005508","https://openalex.org/W2003161105","https://openalex.org/W2027743653","https://openalex.org/W2030349659","https://openalex.org/W2049397190","https://openalex.org/W2064880013","https://openalex.org/W2065771695","https://openalex.org/W2092972248","https://openalex.org/W2129506622","https://openalex.org/W2135250158","https://openalex.org/W2417760374","https://openalex.org/W2793109974","https://openalex.org/W2811259959","https://openalex.org/W2913768264","https://openalex.org/W2950628671","https://openalex.org/W4300559999","https://openalex.org/W6601444455","https://openalex.org/W6631413363","https://openalex.org/W6716416986","https://openalex.org/W6749258068","https://openalex.org/W6844735315"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W2374146176","https://openalex.org/W2065249286","https://openalex.org/W2366839571","https://openalex.org/W4386931161","https://openalex.org/W2027762722","https://openalex.org/W4223960160","https://openalex.org/W2356754952","https://openalex.org/W3090858966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Street":[0],"trees":[1],"are":[2],"broadly":[3],"acknowledged":[4],"to":[5,20,90,121,154,177,207],"be":[6],"an":[7,73,209],"essential":[8],"asset":[9],"of":[10,15,29,48,84,94,102,133,146,190,203,214],"cities.":[11],"Nonetheless,":[12],"the":[13,25,38,44,80,92,98,123,131,144,147,157,160,179,187,201,204],"growth":[14],"tree":[16,49,180],"roots":[17,191,215],"can":[18],"lead":[19],"critical":[21],"damage,":[22],"such":[23],"as":[24,72],"uplifting":[26],"or":[27],"cracking":[28],"road":[30,85,217],"pavements":[31],"and":[32,46,59,82,163,212],"curbs,":[33],"with":[34,112],"severe":[35],"implications":[36],"on":[37,143,186],"infrastructure's":[39],"safety.":[40],"For":[41],"this":[42,63,106],"reason,":[43],"assessment":[45,83],"control":[47],"root":[50,99,181],"systems'":[51],"development":[52],"have":[53,199],"become":[54],"crucial":[55],"task":[56],"in":[57,96,130,152],"forestry":[58],"urban":[60],"management.":[61],"Within":[62],"framework,":[64],"Ground":[65],"Penetrating":[66],"Radar":[67],"(GPR)":[68],"is":[69],"widely":[70],"recognised":[71],"effective":[74],"non-destructive":[75],"testing":[76],"(NDT)":[77],"method":[78],"for":[79],"monitoring":[81],"infrastructures.":[86],"This":[87],"study":[88],"aims":[89],"demonstrate":[91],"capability":[93],"GPR":[95,109],"mapping":[97,213],"system's":[100],"architecture":[101],"street":[103,127],"trees.":[104],"To":[105],"end,":[107],"a":[108,113,126,134],"system":[110,182],"equipped":[111],"700":[114],"MHz":[115],"central":[116],"frequency":[117],"antenna":[118],"was":[119,150,175,195],"employed":[120,176],"investigate":[122],"area":[124],"around":[125],"tree,":[128],"located":[129],"vicinity":[132],"flexible":[135],"pavement":[136,161],"structure.":[137],"A":[138,170],"novel":[139],"processing":[140,168,173],"framework":[141],"based":[142],"analysis":[145],"signal":[148,167],"reflectivity":[149],"implemented,":[151],"order":[153],"automatically":[155],"identify":[156],"reflections":[158],"from":[159],"layers":[162],"apply":[164],"dedicated":[165],"advanced":[166],"techniques.":[169],"multistage":[171],"data":[172],"methodology":[174,206],"map":[178],"architecture.":[183],"Finally,":[184],"information":[185],"mass":[188],"density":[189],"at":[192],"different":[193],"depths":[194],"also":[196],"provided.":[197],"Results":[198],"proven":[200],"potential":[202],"proposed":[205],"achieve":[208],"automatic":[210],"detection":[211],"under":[216],"pavements.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}