{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3035562579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp49548.2020.9163459","title":"Assessing the Internal Structure of Hollow Trees Using GPR and Microwave Tomography","display_name":"Assessing the Internal Structure of Hollow Trees Using GPR and Microwave Tomography","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3035562579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp49548.2020.9163459","mag":"3035562579"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp49548.2020.9163459","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp49548.2020.9163459","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 43rd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053456097","display_name":"Fabio Tosti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0291-9937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","display_name":"University of West London","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5mzp60","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Tosti","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084645776","display_name":"Gianluca Gennarelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3600-5327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Gennarelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA-CNR), Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA-CNR), Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007679297","display_name":"Livia Lantini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0416-1077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","display_name":"University of West London","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5mzp60","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Livia Lantini","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062866510","display_name":"Ilaria Catapano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9031-9992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilaria Catapano","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA-CNR), Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA-CNR), Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084822238","display_name":"Lilong Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5109-4866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","display_name":"University of West London","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5mzp60","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lilong Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081849411","display_name":"Francesco Soldovieri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0377-3127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Soldovieri","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA-CNR), Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA-CNR), Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103513644","display_name":"Amir M. Alani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","display_name":"University of West London","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5mzp60","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir M. Alani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary\u2019s Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London (UWL), St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"123","issue":null,"first_page":"453","last_page":"456"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.7894195318222046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.6574913859367371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nondestructive-testing","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","score":0.5284355282783508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5042346715927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.4910261631011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave-imaging","display_name":"Microwave imaging","score":0.4574096202850342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snag","display_name":"Snag","score":0.43035611510276794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4202735722064972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/woodland","display_name":"Woodland","score":0.4175625443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.37630391120910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3685140013694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.2664877772331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1738896667957306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.15890821814537048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12769457697868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10897251963615417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.08276864886283875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.07649317383766174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.7894195318222046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.6574913859367371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56529433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626700","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","level":2,"score":0.5284355282783508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5042346715927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.4910261631011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010029","display_name":"Microwave imaging","level":3,"score":0.4574096202850342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192158950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2909080","display_name":"Snag","level":3,"score":0.43035611510276794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4202735722064972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203174812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241565","display_name":"Woodland","level":2,"score":0.4175625443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.37630391120910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3685140013694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.2664877772331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1738896667957306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.15890821814537048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12769457697868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10897251963615417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08276864886283875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.07649317383766174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp49548.2020.9163459","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp49548.2020.9163459","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 43rd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.uwl.ac.uk:7005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402477","display_name":"UWL Repository (University of West London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","host_organization_name":"University of West London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.uwl.ac.uk:7005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0291-9937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402477","display_name":"UWL Repository (University of West London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","host_organization_name":"University of West London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.kingston.ac.uk:52252","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/52252/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma3.it:11590/373775","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11590/373775","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196120","display_name":"Iris (Roma Tre University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119003972","host_organization_name":"Roma Tre University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315980","display_name":"Sackler Trust","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W189558611","https://openalex.org/W1487533170","https://openalex.org/W1656851679","https://openalex.org/W1841745650","https://openalex.org/W1982764783","https://openalex.org/W2004255371","https://openalex.org/W2004262867","https://openalex.org/W2021062719","https://openalex.org/W2037943749","https://openalex.org/W2039569260","https://openalex.org/W2044149867","https://openalex.org/W2056535246","https://openalex.org/W2083803600","https://openalex.org/W2109476519","https://openalex.org/W2120998920","https://openalex.org/W2132413105","https://openalex.org/W2137052588","https://openalex.org/W2142825035","https://openalex.org/W2161506281","https://openalex.org/W2183926376","https://openalex.org/W2465567810","https://openalex.org/W2594412747","https://openalex.org/W2790410577","https://openalex.org/W2811259959","https://openalex.org/W2913768264","https://openalex.org/W2950628671","https://openalex.org/W2950711685","https://openalex.org/W2971688875","https://openalex.org/W2979937419","https://openalex.org/W3019538224","https://openalex.org/W3023934847","https://openalex.org/W3035231450","https://openalex.org/W3093346452","https://openalex.org/W3152867933","https://openalex.org/W6607715793","https://openalex.org/W6784531356","https://openalex.org/W6794006466"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W288071808","https://openalex.org/W1987954081","https://openalex.org/W2969640030","https://openalex.org/W2145344634","https://openalex.org/W3147424357","https://openalex.org/W272691074","https://openalex.org/W2270882637","https://openalex.org/W1599647552","https://openalex.org/W2804653521","https://openalex.org/W405605639"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Trees":[0],"and":[1,11,28,42,92,122,137,165,177,181],"woodlands":[2],"are":[3],"nowadays":[4],"threatened":[5],"by":[6,112,129,154],"variety":[7],"of":[8,26,45,68,75,81,87,109,133,141,156,169,179],"aggressive":[9],"diseases":[10],"fungal":[12],"infections.":[13],"As":[14],"a":[15,113,131],"result,":[16],"internal":[17,73,139],"decays":[18],"in":[19,35,118,173,183],"trees,":[20],"can":[21,37,96],"lead":[22],"to":[23,57],"the":[24,32,40,43,46,66,72,78,85,107,138,142,163,167,170,175],"creation":[25],"cavities":[27,121,180],"large":[29],"holes":[30],"inside":[31],"trunks,":[33],"which":[34],"turn":[36],"seriously":[38],"undermine":[39],"stability":[41],"integrity":[44],"tree.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49],"regard,":[50],"ground-penetrating":[51],"radar":[52],"(GPR)":[53],"has":[54],"recently":[55],"proven":[56],"be":[58,97],"an":[59],"effective":[60],"non-destructive":[61],"testing":[62],"(NDT)":[63],"method,":[64],"with":[65,158],"potential":[67,108],"providing":[69],"information":[70,95],"about":[71],"structure":[74,140],"trees.":[76],"However,":[77],"particular":[79],"shape":[80,178],"tree":[82,100,120,126,164,184],"trunks":[83],"prevents":[84],"use":[86],"traditional":[88],"data":[89],"processing":[90],"techniques,":[91],"only":[93],"limited":[94],"collected":[98],"for":[99],"health":[101],"assessment":[102],"purposes.":[103],"This":[104],"study":[105],"shows":[106],"GPR":[110,135],"enhanced":[111],"microwave":[114],"tomography":[115],"inversion":[116],"approach":[117],"detecting":[119],"hollows.":[123],"A":[124],"hollow":[125],"was":[127,144],"investigated":[128],"performing":[130],"set":[132],"circular":[134],"scans,":[136],"trunk":[143],"reconstructed":[145],"via":[146],"tomographic":[147],"imaging.":[148],"The":[149],"achieved":[150],"results":[151],"were":[152],"validated":[153],"way":[155],"comparison":[157],"real":[159],"sections":[160],"cut":[161],"from":[162],"prove":[166],"validity":[168],"proposed":[171],"methodology":[172],"identifying":[174],"dimension":[176],"hollows":[182],"trunks.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
