{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160622768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2026.3691979","title":"Hybrid Architecture Gets Fluid: A New Paradigm for Direction-of-Arrival Estimation in 6G Networks","display_name":"Hybrid Architecture Gets Fluid: A New Paradigm for Direction-of-Arrival Estimation in 6G Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160622768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2026.3691979"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2026.3691979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2026.3691979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135673747","display_name":"Ye Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1772-8850","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069224897","display_name":"Jiaji Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaji Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048271676","display_name":"Tuo Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7898-4441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuo Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5464-3357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085770523","display_name":"W Y Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2968-2888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135693937","display_name":"Maged Elkashlan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maged Elkashlan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5168-0160","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088532122","display_name":"Matthew C. Valenti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6089-0509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12097938","display_name":"West Virginia University","ror":"https://ror.org/011vxgd24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew C. Valenti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6089-0509","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135703195","display_name":"Naofal Al-Dhahir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naofal Al-Dhahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9894-8382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135648315","display_name":"Hing Cheung So","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hing Cheung So","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-7898","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57048748,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"2083","last_page":"2099"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.6604999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.6604999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.06040000170469284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.04179999977350235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-architecture","display_name":"Network architecture","score":0.30140000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.29989999532699585}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6904000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.30140000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2026.3691979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2026.3691979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1104786635","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024J232","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332587","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4582927292","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62571286","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332587","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-precision":[0],"direction-of-arrival":[1],"(DOA)":[2],"estimation,":[3],"as":[4,13],"a":[5,41,64,82,113,120,128,155,170],"key":[6],"sensing":[7],"capability":[8],"for":[9,97,165],"6G-enabled":[10],"applications":[11],"such":[12],"autonomous":[14],"driving":[15],"and":[16,39,56,81,136,144,196],"extended":[17],"reality,":[18],"is":[19,69,86,109,124,162],"increasingly":[20],"dependent":[21],"on":[22],"the":[23,90,142,147,152,178],"effective":[24],"exploitation":[25],"of":[26,29,131,146],"spatial":[27,58,104],"degrees":[28],"freedom":[30],"(DOFs).":[31],"This":[32],"paper":[33],"integrates":[34],"two":[35],"frontier":[36],"DOFs-oriented":[37],"paradigms":[38],"proposes":[40],"fluid":[42],"antenna-enabled":[43],"hybrid":[44],"analog-digital":[45],"(FA-HAD)":[46],"architecture,":[47,63],"which":[48,140],"features":[49],"an":[50,101],"extremely":[51],"lightweight":[52],"front-end":[53],"configuration":[54],"mechanism":[55],"efficient":[57,102],"DOFs":[59],"exploitation.":[60],"Within":[61],"this":[62],"collaborative":[65],"spatial-phase":[66],"sampling":[67],"strategy":[68],"first":[70],"developed":[71],"to":[72,88,111,186],"enable":[73],"real-time":[74],"2-D":[75],"DOA":[76,183],"estimation":[77],"under":[78],"compressive":[79],"observations,":[80],"single-source":[83],"CRLB":[84],"analysis":[85],"provided":[87],"quantify":[89],"achievable":[91],"performance":[92],"limit,":[93],"offering":[94],"quantitative":[95],"guidance":[96],"accuracy-overhead":[98],"trade-offs.":[99],"Furthermore,":[100],"virtual-array":[103],"covariance":[105,116],"matrix":[106],"reconstruction":[107],"method":[108],"proposed":[110,148,179],"recover":[112],"physically":[114],"meaningful":[115],"representation,":[117],"thereby":[118],"providing":[119],"covariance-domain":[121],"interface":[122],"that":[123,177],"directly":[125],"reusable":[126],"by":[127],"broad":[129],"class":[130],"existing":[132],"covariancebased":[133],"array":[134,137],"processing":[135],"design":[138],"techniques,":[139],"strengthens":[141],"scalability":[143],"transferability":[145],"architecture.":[149],"Building":[150],"upon":[151],"reconstructed":[153],"SCM,":[154],"Jacobi-Anger":[156],"expansion":[157],"based":[158],"dimension-reduced":[159],"MUSIC":[160],"estimator":[161],"further":[163],"derived":[164],"arbitrary":[166],"planar":[167],"arrays":[168],"with":[169],"favorable":[171],"computational":[172],"cost.":[173],"Simulation":[174],"results":[175],"demonstrate":[176],"FA-HAD":[180],"framework":[181],"attains":[182],"accuracy":[184],"close":[185],"fully":[187],"digital":[188],"systems":[189],"while":[190],"substantially":[191],"reducing":[192],"RF":[193],"hardware":[194],"complexity":[195],"training":[197],"overhead.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T06:17:00.636019","created_date":"2026-05-09T00:00:00"}