{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415178438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2025.3620332","title":"Blind Construction of Angular Power Maps in Massive MIMO Networks","display_name":"Blind Construction of Angular Power Maps in Massive MIMO Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415178438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2025.3620332"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2025.3620332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2025.3620332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036659144","display_name":"Zheng Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9710-082X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Engineering, and Shenzhen Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii-Shenzhen), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","School of Science and Engineering (SSE), Shenzhen Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii-Shenzhen), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9710-082X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, and Shenzhen Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii-Shenzhen), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering (SSE), Shenzhen Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii-Shenzhen), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101802022","display_name":"Junting Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3056-9030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junting Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Engineering, and Shenzhen Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii-Shenzhen), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","School of Science and Engineering (SSE), Shenzhen Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii-Shenzhen), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3056-9030","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, and Shenzhen Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii-Shenzhen), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering (SSE), Shenzhen Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii-Shenzhen), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6056,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85376789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"4539","last_page":"4555"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7810999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6868000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-telephony","display_name":"Mobile telephony","score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.38019999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7810999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6901999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6868000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4242999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207029474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384018","display_name":"Mobile station","level":3,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781307350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887221","display_name":"Mobile radio","level":2,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116544410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478122","display_name":"Shadow mapping","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2025.3620332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2025.3620332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6352250275","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62293482","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018798792","https://openalex.org/W2020281294","https://openalex.org/W2342539491","https://openalex.org/W2747791340","https://openalex.org/W2802023930","https://openalex.org/W2884034421","https://openalex.org/W2895921517","https://openalex.org/W3168163583","https://openalex.org/W3210411944","https://openalex.org/W4213251304","https://openalex.org/W4226057687","https://openalex.org/W4280615762","https://openalex.org/W4312966618","https://openalex.org/W4315629838","https://openalex.org/W4319459059","https://openalex.org/W4319987652","https://openalex.org/W4366249625","https://openalex.org/W4381194780","https://openalex.org/W4385834398","https://openalex.org/W4387730064","https://openalex.org/W4387885643","https://openalex.org/W4389160161","https://openalex.org/W4391697040","https://openalex.org/W4392085048","https://openalex.org/W4392694058","https://openalex.org/W4392903143","https://openalex.org/W4393148541","https://openalex.org/W4393305248","https://openalex.org/W4396886519","https://openalex.org/W4400275490","https://openalex.org/W4400579073","https://openalex.org/W4401567867","https://openalex.org/W4401990498","https://openalex.org/W4403674584","https://openalex.org/W4403758986","https://openalex.org/W4408017262","https://openalex.org/W4414169598","https://openalex.org/W4414538474","https://openalex.org/W4415178438"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Channel":[0],"state":[1],"information":[2],"(CSI)":[3],"acquisition":[4],"is":[5,42,74],"a":[6,18,62,82,89,94,143,165,187],"challenging":[7,43],"problem":[8],"in":[9,44,61,164],"massive":[10,63,90,168],"multiple-input":[11],"multiple-output":[12],"(MIMO)":[13],"networks.":[14],"Radio":[15],"maps":[16],"provide":[17],"promising":[19],"solution":[20],"for":[21,33,127],"radio":[22,34],"resource":[23],"management":[24],"by":[25],"reducing":[26],"online":[27],"CSI":[28,39,58,86],"acquisition.":[29],"However,":[30],"conventional":[31],"approaches":[32],"map":[35,52],"construction":[36,53,104],"require":[37],"location-labeled":[38],"data,":[40],"which":[41],"practice.":[45],"This":[46],"paper":[47],"investigates":[48],"unsupervised":[49],"angular":[50,107],"power":[51,108,160],"based":[54],"on":[55,156],"large":[56],"timescale":[57],"data":[59,162],"collected":[60,163],"MIMO":[64,91,169],"network":[65],"without":[66],"location":[67,98],"labels.":[68],"A":[69],"hidden":[70,79],"Markov":[71],"model":[72],"(HMM)":[73],"built":[75],"to":[76,142],"connect":[77],"the":[78,85,96,103,122,146],"trajectory":[80],"of":[81,88,105,175],"mobile":[83,97],"with":[84,117,151],"evolution":[87],"channel.":[92],"As":[93],"result,":[95],"can":[99,130,178],"be":[100,179],"estimated,":[101],"enabling":[102],"an":[106,171],"map.":[109],"We":[110],"show":[111],"that":[112],"under":[113],"uniform":[114],"rectilinear":[115],"mobility":[116],"Poisson-distributed":[118],"base":[119],"stations":[120],"(BSs),":[121],"Cramer-Rao":[123],"Lower":[124],"Bound":[125],"(CRLB)":[126],"localization":[128,173],"error":[129,147,174],"vanish":[131],"at":[132],"any":[133],"signal-to-noise":[134],"ratios":[135],"(SNRs),":[136],"whereas":[137],"when":[138],"BSs":[139],"are":[140,183],"confined":[141],"limited":[144],"region,":[145],"remains":[148],"nonzero":[149],"even":[150],"infinite":[152],"independent":[153],"measurements.":[154],"Based":[155],"reference":[157],"signal":[158],"received":[159],"(RSRP)":[161],"real":[166],"multi-cell":[167],"network,":[170],"average":[172],"18":[176],"meters":[177],"achieved":[180],"although":[181],"measurements":[182],"mainly":[184],"obtained":[185],"from":[186],"single":[188],"serving":[189],"cell.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00"}
