{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391216005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2024.3354380","title":"Mixed-ADC Based PMCW MIMO Radar Angle-Doppler Imaging","display_name":"Mixed-ADC Based PMCW MIMO Radar Angle-Doppler Imaging","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391216005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2024.3354380"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2024.3354380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2024.3354380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065223076","display_name":"Xiaolei Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1651-0040"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolei Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Airborne Missile Academy, Luoyang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Airborne Missile Academy, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054305471","display_name":"Ronghao Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5558-7572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronghao Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000656988","display_name":"Yuanbo Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7904-9103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanbo Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065223076"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7022,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89787439,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":null,"first_page":"883","last_page":"895"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.4693014919757843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4634968936443329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.4600861072540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4494664967060089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-radar","display_name":"Doppler radar","score":0.4186040759086609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.38913771510124207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.3817812204360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2323293685913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2025027871131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.20072275400161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.1204623281955719}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.4693014919757843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4634968936443329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.4600861072540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4494664967060089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334213","display_name":"Doppler radar","level":3,"score":0.4186040759086609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.38913771510124207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.3817812204360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2323293685913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2025027871131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.20072275400161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.1204623281955719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2024.3354380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2024.3354380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1770052939","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271461","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4848329531","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2208085J17","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65255600","https://openalex.org/W1599703818","https://openalex.org/W1814500939","https://openalex.org/W1974718273","https://openalex.org/W1975334050","https://openalex.org/W2014098595","https://openalex.org/W2018744547","https://openalex.org/W2025688234","https://openalex.org/W2033468335","https://openalex.org/W2034829035","https://openalex.org/W2054877413","https://openalex.org/W2100556411","https://openalex.org/W2114694381","https://openalex.org/W2120717492","https://openalex.org/W2127989808","https://openalex.org/W2134179788","https://openalex.org/W2149414429","https://openalex.org/W2153567056","https://openalex.org/W2156893865","https://openalex.org/W2210084516","https://openalex.org/W2508393166","https://openalex.org/W2808706916","https://openalex.org/W2936995161","https://openalex.org/W2943733581","https://openalex.org/W2966095089","https://openalex.org/W2968139168","https://openalex.org/W2972647541","https://openalex.org/W3016206881","https://openalex.org/W3040360205","https://openalex.org/W3118293846","https://openalex.org/W3153914969","https://openalex.org/W4200537477","https://openalex.org/W4210680086","https://openalex.org/W4312712763","https://openalex.org/W4312754096","https://openalex.org/W4385462568","https://openalex.org/W6761030284"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978025251","https://openalex.org/W2361241744","https://openalex.org/W2086314607","https://openalex.org/W2235285389","https://openalex.org/W4252012301","https://openalex.org/W2581209175","https://openalex.org/W2532305960","https://openalex.org/W2900664875","https://openalex.org/W2022955050","https://openalex.org/W2944876982"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phase-modulated":[0],"continuous-wave":[1],"(PMCW)":[2],"multiple-input":[3],"multiple-output":[4],"(MIMO)":[5],"radar":[6,76],"systems":[7],"are":[8,48,210],"known":[9],"to":[10,77,114,141,178,195,212],"possess":[11],"excellent":[12],"mutual":[13],"interference":[14],"mitigation":[15],"capabilities,":[16],"but":[17],"require":[18],"costly":[19],"and":[20,25,33,53,105,120,166],"power-hungry":[21],"high":[22,127],"sampling":[23],"rate":[24],"high-precision":[26,61,103],"analog-to-digital":[27],"converters":[28],"(ADC\u2019s).":[29],"To":[30],"reduce":[31,116],"cost":[32,119],"power":[34,121],"consumption,":[35],"we":[36],"consider":[37],"a":[38,57,98,106,126,138,161,167,192],"mixed-":[39],"ADC":[40],"architecture,":[41],"in":[42],"which":[43],"most":[44],"receive":[45],"antenna":[46],"outputs":[47,59],"sampled":[49],"by":[50,60,190],"one-bit":[51,110],"ADC\u2019s,":[52],"only":[54],"one":[55],"or":[56],"few":[58],"ADC\u2019s.":[62],"We":[63,135,154],"first":[64],"derive":[65],"the":[66,71,79,94,117,143,151,156,198,214,217],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[67],"bound":[68],"(CRB)":[69],"for":[70,131,183,202,220],"mixed-ADC":[72,95,224],"based":[73,172,225],"PMCW":[74,226],"MIMO":[75,227],"characterize":[78],"best":[80],"achievable":[81],"performance":[82],"of":[83,102,109,150,174,200,216],"an":[84],"unbiased":[85],"target":[86,152,205],"parameter":[87,163,206],"estimator.":[88],"The":[89],"CRB":[90],"analysis":[91],"demonstrates":[92],"that":[93],"architecture":[96],"with":[97],"relatively":[99],"small":[100],"number":[101,108],"ADC\u2019s":[104,111],"large":[107],"allows":[112],"us":[113],"drastically":[115],"hardware":[118],"consumption":[122],"while":[123],"still":[124],"maintain":[125],"dynamic":[128],"range":[129],"needed":[130],"autonomous":[132],"driving":[133],"applications.":[134],"also":[136],"introduce":[137],"two-step":[139],"estimator":[140,173],"realize":[142],"computationally":[144,168],"efficient":[145,169],"maximum":[146],"likelihood":[147],"(ML)":[148],"estimation":[149,164],"parameters.":[153],"formulate":[155],"angle-Doppler":[157,185,221],"imaging":[158,222],"problem":[159],"as":[160,179],"sparse":[162,175],"problem,":[165],"majorization-minimization":[170],"(MM)":[171],"parameters,":[176],"referred":[177],"mLIKES,":[180],"is":[181,188],"devised":[182],"accurate":[184,203],"imaging.":[186],"This":[187],"followed":[189],"using":[191,223],"relaxation-based":[193],"approach":[194],"cyclically":[196],"refine":[197],"results":[199],"mLIKES":[201],"off-grid":[204],"estimation.":[207],"Numerical":[208],"examples":[209],"provided":[211],"demonstrate":[213],"effectiveness":[215],"proposed":[218],"algorithms":[219],"radar.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}