{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390204105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2023.3346182","title":"Model-Free Learning of Two-Stage Beamformers for Passive IRS-Aided Network Design","display_name":"Model-Free Learning of Two-Stage Beamformers for Passive IRS-Aided Network Design","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390204105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2023.3346182"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2023.3346182","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2023.3346182","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/075f71bf-d39e-4f3e-8cdc-d69f7f3b0aea","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005929408","display_name":"H. N. Hashmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3008-3535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassaan Hashmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3008-3535","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017796051","display_name":"Spyridon Pougkakiotis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7903-9335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177639307","display_name":"University of Dundee","ror":"https://ror.org/03h2bxq36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Spyridon Pougkakiotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Scotland, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7903-9335","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Scotland, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091493591","display_name":"Dionysios S. Kalogerias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3459-5044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dionysis Kalogerias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3459-5044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1659,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42517999,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":null,"first_page":"652","last_page":"669"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5627137422561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.5152364373207092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.5019738674163818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.48474594950675964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4823688566684723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4408486485481262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.42665982246398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.38648122549057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3385380506515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14958643913269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0965566635131836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5627137422561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.5152364373207092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.5019738674163818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.48474594950675964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4823688566684723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4408486485481262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.42665982246398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38648122549057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3385380506515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14958643913269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0965566635131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2023.3346182","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2023.3346182","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:openaire/075f71bf-d39e-4f3e-8cdc-d69f7f3b0aea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/075f71bf-d39e-4f3e-8cdc-d69f7f3b0aea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hashmi, H, Pougkakiotis, S & Kalogerias, D 2023, 'Model-Free Learning of Two-Stage Beamformers for Passive IRS-Aided Network Design', IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, vol. 72. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2023.3346182","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:openaire/075f71bf-d39e-4f3e-8cdc-d69f7f3b0aea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/075f71bf-d39e-4f3e-8cdc-d69f7f3b0aea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hashmi, H, Pougkakiotis, S & Kalogerias, D 2023, 'Model-Free Learning of Two-Stage Beamformers for Passive IRS-Aided Network Design', IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, vol. 72. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2023.3346182","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4516614984","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2242215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","funder_display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307764","display_name":"Microsoft","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations","ror":"https://ror.org/01mng8331"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577245107","https://openalex.org/W1864541922","https://openalex.org/W1970830346","https://openalex.org/W1974661392","https://openalex.org/W1981886294","https://openalex.org/W2005895359","https://openalex.org/W2021361347","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2086412585","https://openalex.org/W2093488901","https://openalex.org/W2109606373","https://openalex.org/W2117125933","https://openalex.org/W2117238355","https://openalex.org/W2120796660","https://openalex.org/W2124348301","https://openalex.org/W2127401968","https://openalex.org/W2128405649","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2142506503","https://openalex.org/W2144000019","https://openalex.org/W2145013959","https://openalex.org/W2149479912","https://openalex.org/W2152463001","https://openalex.org/W2294586855","https://openalex.org/W2331639718","https://openalex.org/W2398409936","https://openalex.org/W2546737567","https://openalex.org/W2605344455","https://openalex.org/W2798330705","https://openalex.org/W2807133510","https://openalex.org/W2883094398","https://openalex.org/W2899403756","https://openalex.org/W2955133642","https://openalex.org/W2962942052","https://openalex.org/W2963190258","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2973229164","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W2994742101","https://openalex.org/W2996611387","https://openalex.org/W3005476696","https://openalex.org/W3010384738","https://openalex.org/W3034281970","https://openalex.org/W3045692544","https://openalex.org/W3045780692","https://openalex.org/W3046938740","https://openalex.org/W3091752016","https://openalex.org/W3103026331","https://openalex.org/W3110989801","https://openalex.org/W3111067891","https://openalex.org/W3120117232","https://openalex.org/W3123261042","https://openalex.org/W3125035800","https://openalex.org/W3126686235","https://openalex.org/W3128307304","https://openalex.org/W3133971993","https://openalex.org/W3135725526","https://openalex.org/W3154292415","https://openalex.org/W3170453468","https://openalex.org/W3175883525","https://openalex.org/W3185482389","https://openalex.org/W3189202224","https://openalex.org/W3194887689","https://openalex.org/W3202943682","https://openalex.org/W3204184545","https://openalex.org/W4200630265","https://openalex.org/W4206817532","https://openalex.org/W4220868051","https://openalex.org/W4231183558","https://openalex.org/W4255472594","https://openalex.org/W4287758272","https://openalex.org/W4287887619","https://openalex.org/W4309397920","https://openalex.org/W4360897659","https://openalex.org/W4372259820","https://openalex.org/W4386523619","https://openalex.org/W4387667441","https://openalex.org/W6606555841","https://openalex.org/W6678738811","https://openalex.org/W6750715695","https://openalex.org/W6779874797","https://openalex.org/W6796536496","https://openalex.org/W6846536610"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W2923631784","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W4311414679","https://openalex.org/W3124036039","https://openalex.org/W2130785056","https://openalex.org/W2132841313","https://openalex.org/W2727286692","https://openalex.org/W1970775648"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electronically":[0],"tunable":[1,28],"metasurfaces,":[2],"or":[3,107,212],"Intelligent":[4],"Reflecting":[5],"Surfaces":[6],"(IRSs),":[7],"are":[8],"a":[9,25,49,88,124,143,151,192,201],"popular":[10],"technology":[11],"for":[12,59],"achieving":[13],"high":[14],"spectral":[15],"efficiency":[16],"in":[17,87,181],"modern":[18],"wireless":[19],"systems":[20],"by":[21,186],"shaping":[22],"channels":[23,96],"using":[24],"multitude":[26],"of":[27,37,104,113,129,139,163,191],"passive":[29],"reflecting":[30],"elements.":[31],"Capitalizing":[32],"on":[33,94,150,200],"key":[34],"practical":[35],"limitations":[36],"IRS-aided":[38,65,155],"beamforming":[39],"pertaining":[40],"to":[41,118,122,198],"system":[42],"modeling":[43],"and":[44,86,168],"channel":[45,105],"sensing/estimation,":[46],"we":[47,176],"propose":[48],"novel,":[50],"fully":[51,172],"data-driven":[52],"Zeroth-order":[53],"Stochastic":[54],"Gradient":[55],"Ascent":[56],"(ZoSGA)":[57],"algorithm":[58],"general":[60],"two-stage":[61],"(i.e.,":[62],"short/long-term),":[63],"fully-passive":[64],"stochastic":[66],"utility":[67],"maximization.":[68],"ZoSGA":[69,114,164,179],"learns":[70],"long-term":[71],"optimal":[72,78],"IRS":[73,140,195],"beamformers":[74],"jointly":[75],"with":[76,207],"short-term":[77],"precoders":[79],"(e.g.,":[80],"WMMSE-based)":[81],"via":[82],"minimal":[83,133],"zeroth-order":[84],"reinforcement":[85],"strictly":[89],"model-free":[90],"fashion,":[91],"relying":[92],"solely":[93],"theeffectivecompound":[95],"observed":[97],"at":[98],"the":[99,130,136,184,189],"terminals,":[100],"while":[101],"being":[102,116],"independent":[103],"models":[106],"network/IRS":[108],"configurations.":[109],"Another":[110],"remarkable":[111],"feature":[112],"is":[115],"amenable":[117],"analysis,":[119],"enabling":[120],"us":[121],"establish":[123,159],"state-of-the-art":[125],"(SOTA)":[126],"convergence":[127],"rate":[128],"order":[131],"of$\\mathcal{O}(\\sqrt{S}\\epsilon^{-4})$under":[132],"assumptions,":[134],"where$S$is":[135],"total":[137],"number":[138],"elements,":[141],"and$\\epsilon$is":[142],"desired":[144],"suboptimality":[145],"target.":[146],"Our":[147],"numerical":[148],"results":[149],"standard":[152,171],"MISO":[153],"downlink":[154],"sumrate":[156],"maximization":[157],"setting":[158],"SOTA":[160],"empirical":[161],"behavior":[162],"as":[165],"well,":[166],"consistently":[167],"substantially":[169],"outperforming":[170],"model-based":[173],"baselines.":[174],"Lastly,":[175],"demonstrate":[177],"that":[178],"can":[180],"fact":[182],"operatein":[183],"field,":[185],"directly":[187],"optimizing":[188],"capacitances":[190],"varactor-based":[193],"electromagnetic":[194],"model":[196],"(unknown":[197],"ZoSGA)":[199],"multiple":[202],"user/IRS,":[203],"link-dense":[204],"network":[205],"setting,":[206],"essentially":[208],"no":[209],"computational":[210],"overheads":[211],"performance":[213],"degradation.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}