{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319990487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2023.3241768","title":"Confederated Learning: Federated Learning With Decentralized Edge Servers","display_name":"Confederated Learning: Federated Learning With Decentralized Edge Servers","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319990487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2023.3241768"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2023.3241768","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2023.3241768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101792719","display_name":"Bin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2386-6934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018263800","display_name":"Huzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mvpxy20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018263800"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, China","National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2386-6934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018263800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067626381","display_name":"Jun Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7427-4723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018263800","display_name":"Huzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mvpxy20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018263800"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, China","National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7427-4723","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018263800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100365817","display_name":"Hongbin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1453-847X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1453-847X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063946480","display_name":"Xiaojun Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0433-6535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018263800","display_name":"Huzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mvpxy20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018263800"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, China","National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0433-6535","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018263800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029820392","display_name":"Qing Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-5964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089285","display_name":"Ji Hua Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/006aydy55","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089285"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China","Pazhou Lab, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-5964","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pazhou Lab, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089285"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.19,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95211961,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":null,"first_page":"248","last_page":"263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.9112485647201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8302173614501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upload","display_name":"Upload","score":0.7078553438186646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7046781778335571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6120612621307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5706860423088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4696578085422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.19971022009849548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.16210147738456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09421437978744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08575338125228882}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.9112485647201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8302173614501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71901391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126699","display_name":"Upload","level":2,"score":0.7078553438186646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7046781778335571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6120612621307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5706860423088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4696578085422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.19971022009849548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.16210147738456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09421437978744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08575338125228882}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2023.3241768","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2023.3241768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3058936051","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61973324","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4600516838","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61829103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6622091460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61934008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8256685071","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-2212940","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8572943499","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1923739","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G909555547","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021B1515020094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571416372","https://openalex.org/W1986080131","https://openalex.org/W2123705108","https://openalex.org/W2535838896","https://openalex.org/W2783522756","https://openalex.org/W2806236558","https://openalex.org/W2902441873","https://openalex.org/W2904760378","https://openalex.org/W2913243576","https://openalex.org/W2949003697","https://openalex.org/W2963855576","https://openalex.org/W2975156709","https://openalex.org/W2982654255","https://openalex.org/W2991772480","https://openalex.org/W2996442797","https://openalex.org/W2996845627","https://openalex.org/W2999074226","https://openalex.org/W3007279825","https://openalex.org/W3046056026","https://openalex.org/W3047079385","https://openalex.org/W3106356772","https://openalex.org/W3135854316","https://openalex.org/W3155912831","https://openalex.org/W3159080474","https://openalex.org/W3164573547","https://openalex.org/W3186590963","https://openalex.org/W3192649393","https://openalex.org/W3204468048","https://openalex.org/W3205564238","https://openalex.org/W3210823865","https://openalex.org/W4283798991","https://openalex.org/W4286435938","https://openalex.org/W4318189468","https://openalex.org/W6680196509","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6740154879","https://openalex.org/W6757292943","https://openalex.org/W6758455886","https://openalex.org/W6758557334","https://openalex.org/W6759238902","https://openalex.org/W6765541894","https://openalex.org/W6766831760","https://openalex.org/W6769579599","https://openalex.org/W6772197471","https://openalex.org/W6773817997","https://openalex.org/W6779445818","https://openalex.org/W6791308068","https://openalex.org/W6802464851","https://openalex.org/W6803358175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070735207","https://openalex.org/W2085920416","https://openalex.org/W1982914007","https://openalex.org/W2159583675","https://openalex.org/W1852113167","https://openalex.org/W1493858311","https://openalex.org/W1824242903","https://openalex.org/W2155470929","https://openalex.org/W2394465510","https://openalex.org/W2111125783"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1,7],"(FL)":[2],"is":[3,35,100,117,185],"an":[4,52,103],"emerging":[5],"machine":[6],"paradigm":[8],"that":[9,195],"allows":[10],"to":[11,41,47,56,121,160,181,187,201],"accomplish":[12],"model":[13,49],"training":[14,50],"without":[15],"aggregating":[16],"data":[17,127],"at":[18,165],"a":[19,27,32,38,43,63,84,134,149,156,174,202,213],"central":[20,39],"server.":[21],"Most":[22],"studies":[23],"on":[24],"FL":[25,112,209],"consider":[26],"centralized":[28,64],"framework,":[29,113],"in":[30,51,79,96,109,216],"which":[31,97,153],"single":[33],"server":[34,99],"endowed":[36],"with":[37,102],"authority":[40],"coordinate":[42],"number":[44,71],"of":[45,72,93,106,125,139,158,172,177,218],"devices":[46,73,107,159,180],"perform":[48],"iterative":[53],"manner.":[54],"Due":[55],"stringent":[57],"communication":[58,219],"and":[59,114],"bandwidth":[60],"constraints,":[61],"such":[62],"framework":[65],"has":[66],"limited":[67],"scalability":[68],"as":[69,108],"the":[70,110,126,130,170,189,196],"grows.":[74],"To":[75],"address":[76],"this":[77,80],"issue,":[78],"paper,":[81],"we":[82],"propose":[83],"ConFederated":[85],"Learning":[86],"(CFL)":[87],"framework.":[88],"The":[89,145],"proposed":[90,146,190,197],"CFL":[91],"consists":[92],"multiple":[94],"servers,":[95],"each":[98,166],"connected":[101],"individual":[104],"set":[105],"conventional":[111],"decentralized":[115],"collaboration":[116],"leveraged":[118],"among":[119],"servers":[120,164],"make":[122],"full":[123],"use":[124],"dispersed":[128],"throughout":[129],"network.":[131],"We":[132],"develop":[133],"stochastic":[135],"alternating":[136],"direction":[137],"method":[138,198],"multipliers":[140],"(ADMM)":[141],"algorithm":[142,147],"for":[143],"CFL.":[144],"employs":[148],"random":[150],"scheduling":[151],"policy":[152],"randomly":[154],"selects":[155],"subset":[157],"access":[161],"their":[162],"respective":[163],"iteration,":[167],"thus":[168,211],"alleviating":[169],"need":[171],"uploading":[173],"huge":[175],"amount":[176],"information":[178],"from":[179],"servers.":[182],"Theoretical":[183],"analysis":[184],"presented":[186],"justify":[188],"method.":[191],"Numerical":[192],"results":[193],"show":[194],"can":[199],"converge":[200],"decent":[203],"solution":[204],"significantly":[205],"faster":[206],"than":[207],"gradient-based":[208],"algorithms,":[210],"boasting":[212],"substantial":[214],"advantage":[215],"terms":[217],"efficiency.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2023-02-11T00:00:00"}