{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201058623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2022.3183445","title":"Nyquist Sampling and Degrees of Freedom of Electromagnetic Fields","display_name":"Nyquist Sampling and Degrees of Freedom of Electromagnetic Fields","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201058623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2022.3183445","mag":"3201058623"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2022.3183445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2022.3183445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.10040","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018538891","display_name":"Andrea Pizzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6350-591X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Pizzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028772048","display_name":"Andrea de Jesus Torres","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8700-9985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea de Jesus Torres","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063635284","display_name":"Luca Sanguinetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2577-4091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Sanguinetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014805999","display_name":"Thomas L. Marzetta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9105-405X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas L. Marzetta","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018538891"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4431,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97437208,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"3935","last_page":"3947"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11851","display_name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Measurements","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11851","display_name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Measurements","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10752","display_name":"Terahertz technology and applications","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandlimiting","display_name":"Bandlimiting","score":0.8264524936676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nyquist\u2013shannon-sampling-theorem","display_name":"Nyquist\u2013Shannon sampling theorem","score":0.6955875158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.6174094676971436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherent-sampling","display_name":"Coherent sampling","score":0.5693827271461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.5318040251731873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nyquist-frequency","display_name":"Nyquist frequency","score":0.5269525647163391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-transform","display_name":"Fourier transform","score":0.5057029724121094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5027263164520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonuniform-sampling","display_name":"Nonuniform sampling","score":0.4992225170135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degrees-of-freedom","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","score":0.4683890640735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nyquist-rate","display_name":"Nyquist rate","score":0.4406629502773285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4335549473762512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.42795276641845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4177434742450714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-field","display_name":"Electromagnetic field","score":0.41536659002304077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3878624141216278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28773242235183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19414135813713074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.19152948260307312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.13310986757278442}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129997835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q806263","display_name":"Bandlimiting","level":3,"score":0.8264524936676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C288623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679800","display_name":"Nyquist\u2013Shannon sampling theorem","level":2,"score":0.6955875158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.6174094676971436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31942786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679800","display_name":"Coherent sampling","level":4,"score":0.5693827271461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.5318040251731873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98273374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501757","display_name":"Nyquist frequency","level":3,"score":0.5269525647163391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.5057029724121094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5027263164520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20326153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049638","display_name":"Nonuniform sampling","level":3,"score":0.4992225170135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C208081375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274502","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4683890640735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65914096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6273772","display_name":"Nyquist rate","level":4,"score":0.4406629502773285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4335549473762512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.42795276641845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4177434742450714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28843909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177625","display_name":"Electromagnetic field","level":2,"score":0.41536659002304077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3878624141216278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28773242235183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19414135813713074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.19152948260307312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.13310986757278442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2022.3183445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2022.3183445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2109.10040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2109.10040","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.10040","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1149503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1149503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2109.10040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2109.10040","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.10040","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508642566","https://openalex.org/W1520664314","https://openalex.org/W1533155545","https://openalex.org/W1536002026","https://openalex.org/W1536252645","https://openalex.org/W1969179117","https://openalex.org/W2002422940","https://openalex.org/W2063038653","https://openalex.org/W2066891525","https://openalex.org/W2077251100","https://openalex.org/W2090744237","https://openalex.org/W2111906704","https://openalex.org/W2114814651","https://openalex.org/W2115166364","https://openalex.org/W2124164696","https://openalex.org/W2124515293","https://openalex.org/W2128865660","https://openalex.org/W2132150310","https://openalex.org/W2135479785","https://openalex.org/W2140296346","https://openalex.org/W2144730780","https://openalex.org/W2159229958","https://openalex.org/W2166500461","https://openalex.org/W2168362335","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2593672292","https://openalex.org/W2735938380","https://openalex.org/W2772423203","https://openalex.org/W2801179766","https://openalex.org/W2885493289","https://openalex.org/W2906657100","https://openalex.org/W2955897898","https://openalex.org/W2963673880","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W3034737405","https://openalex.org/W3047143523","https://openalex.org/W3104163632","https://openalex.org/W3106311058","https://openalex.org/W3109938142","https://openalex.org/W3147919432","https://openalex.org/W3148236571","https://openalex.org/W3159492831","https://openalex.org/W3168584885","https://openalex.org/W3204777656","https://openalex.org/W4241986569","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4252713891","https://openalex.org/W4255523958","https://openalex.org/W4300223101","https://openalex.org/W6796273819"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495218064","https://openalex.org/W3128645236","https://openalex.org/W4242173009","https://openalex.org/W4297129201","https://openalex.org/W1715660216","https://openalex.org/W2124861257","https://openalex.org/W2774982363","https://openalex.org/W2049887400","https://openalex.org/W1973881903","https://openalex.org/W2042882013"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"signal":[1,23],"space":[2],"approach":[3],"is":[4,58],"presented":[5],"to":[6,37,87],"study":[7],"the":[8,28,48,61,64,70,74,81],"Nyquist":[9,71],"sampling,":[10],"degrees":[11],"of":[12,16,43,52,63,80,83,92],"freedom":[13],"and":[14,32,97],"reconstruction":[15],"electromagnetic":[17,53],"fields":[18],"under":[19],"non-line-of-sight":[20],"conditions.":[21],"Conventional":[22],"processing":[24],"tools,":[25],"such":[26],"as":[27],"multidimensional":[29],"sampling":[30,72],"theorem":[31],"Fourier":[33],"transform,":[34],"are":[35],"used":[36],"provide":[38],"a":[39,78,90],"linear":[40],"system-theoretic":[41],"interpretation":[42],"wave":[44],"propagation,":[45],"thereby":[46],"revealing":[47],"spatially":[49],"bandlimited":[50],"nature":[51],"fields.":[54],"Their":[55],"spatial":[56,75],"bandwidth":[57],"dictated":[59],"by":[60],"selectivity":[62],"underlying":[65],"scattering":[66],"that":[67],"allows":[68],"establishing":[69],"in":[73],"domain":[76],"with":[77],"reduction":[79],"number":[82],"fields&#x2019;":[84],"samples":[85],"needed":[86],"be":[88],"processed,":[89],"situation":[91],"high":[93],"interest":[94],"for":[95],"mmWave":[96],"terahertz":[98],"frequencies.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
