{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225512887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2022.3163889","title":"Three Dimensional Source Localization Using Arrival Angles from Linear Arrays: Analytical Investigation and Optimal Solution","display_name":"Three Dimensional Source Localization Using Arrival Angles from Linear Arrays: Analytical Investigation and Optimal Solution","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225512887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2022.3163889"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2022.3163889","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2022.3163889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006877195","display_name":"Yimao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1337-8945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yimao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Institute for Industrial Internet Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","EECS Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Institute for Industrial Internet Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027768147","display_name":"K. C. Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4883-2151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. C. Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002775930","display_name":"Lin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2871-9239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047302677","display_name":"Jifeng Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0634-2496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jifeng Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038871254","display_name":"Yanbing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9266-8600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanbing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Institute for Industrial Internet Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Institute for Industrial Internet Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070882361","display_name":"Liangyin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6166-890X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangyin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Institute for Industrial Internet Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Institute for Industrial Internet Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006877195"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I76835614"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3136,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92730401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1864","last_page":"1879"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-of-arrival","display_name":"Angle of arrival","score":0.7585364580154419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilution-of-precision","display_name":"Dilution of precision","score":0.664475679397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5942976474761963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5236839056015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48504894971847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.465542197227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cram\u00e9r\u2013rao-bound","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","score":0.4470689296722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relaxation","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","score":0.436795175075531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.42484235763549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.422643780708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-noise","display_name":"Gaussian noise","score":0.4127710163593292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.17774826288223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.17415156960487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16228356957435608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15540024638175964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.14819136261940002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.0891348123550415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13545353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4763363","display_name":"Angle of arrival","level":3,"score":0.7585364580154419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200499919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616896","display_name":"Dilution of precision","level":4,"score":0.664475679397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5942976474761963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5236839056015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48504894971847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.465542197227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.4470689296722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776029896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3935810","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.436795175075531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.42484235763549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.422643780708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4199805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725903","display_name":"Gaussian noise","level":2,"score":0.4127710163593292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.17774826288223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.17415156960487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16228356957435608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15540024638175964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.14819136261940002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0891348123550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2022.3163889","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2022.3163889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2473802979","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101112","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6171161693","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101359","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6450409700","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902267","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7274569972","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"YJ201868","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W250076511","https://openalex.org/W1970050107","https://openalex.org/W2008457674","https://openalex.org/W2040067436","https://openalex.org/W2065766632","https://openalex.org/W2068651508","https://openalex.org/W2081724471","https://openalex.org/W2112159176","https://openalex.org/W2119598131","https://openalex.org/W2120350100","https://openalex.org/W2147855704","https://openalex.org/W2154347068","https://openalex.org/W2158976021","https://openalex.org/W2162654459","https://openalex.org/W2163175707","https://openalex.org/W2193142622","https://openalex.org/W2296150501","https://openalex.org/W2335083313","https://openalex.org/W2364574607","https://openalex.org/W2474296258","https://openalex.org/W2587916227","https://openalex.org/W2593683299","https://openalex.org/W2594045169","https://openalex.org/W2604765471","https://openalex.org/W2605565881","https://openalex.org/W2773254562","https://openalex.org/W2803878161","https://openalex.org/W2807422948","https://openalex.org/W2890792140","https://openalex.org/W2947814424","https://openalex.org/W2972776893","https://openalex.org/W2980681880","https://openalex.org/W2996035847","https://openalex.org/W3011055704","https://openalex.org/W3014990824","https://openalex.org/W3015451618","https://openalex.org/W3018338836","https://openalex.org/W3021875663","https://openalex.org/W3024597137","https://openalex.org/W3025364783","https://openalex.org/W3099749803","https://openalex.org/W3111396676","https://openalex.org/W3188236023"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861837183","https://openalex.org/W2378692472","https://openalex.org/W1977080601","https://openalex.org/W2368499035","https://openalex.org/W2973629818","https://openalex.org/W2114005163","https://openalex.org/W4310091613","https://openalex.org/W2984288604","https://openalex.org/W1974000248","https://openalex.org/W3202081150"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Angle-based":[0],"localization":[1,40,58,124],"of":[2,19,52,82,93,102,152,159],"a":[3,167],"source":[4],"at":[5],"unique":[6],"coordinates":[7],"in":[8,113],"the":[9,15,29,38,50,66,70,78,83,90,111,114,118,133,150,153,176,180],"three-dimensional":[10],"(3-D)":[11],"space":[12,44],"utilizes":[13],"traditionally":[14],"two-dimensional":[16],"(2-D)":[17],"angle":[18,45,115],"arrival":[20],"(AOA)":[21],"measurements":[22,47],"from":[23,69],"planar":[24],"arrays.":[25],"This":[26,87],"paper":[27,88],"investigates":[28],"positioning":[30,67],"performance":[31,59,125,137],"and":[32,65,74,80,98,104,122,166,179],"develops":[33],"an":[34,160,171],"optimal":[35],"solution":[36,129,162,169],"for":[37,96],"3-D":[39],"using":[41,94],"one-dimensional":[42],"(1-D)":[43],"(SA)":[46],"that":[48,130,144],"has":[49],"appeal":[51],"involving":[53],"linear":[54,84,154],"arrays":[55],"only.":[56],"The":[57],"by":[60,107,163,170],"SA":[61,95,103],"is":[62,141],"less":[63],"understood":[64],"algorithms":[68],"literature":[71],"are":[72,126],"suboptimal":[73],"have":[75,147],"restrictions":[76],"on":[77,149],"altitudes":[79],"orientations":[81],"array":[85,155],"receivers.":[86,156],"establishes":[89],"basic":[91],"concept":[92],"localization,":[97],"conducts":[99],"analytical":[100],"comparison":[101],"AOA":[105],"positionings":[106],"cross":[108],"arrays,":[109],"where":[110],"contrasts":[112],"observation":[116],"accuracy,":[117],"geometric":[119],"dilution":[120],"effect":[121],"overall":[123],"elaborated.":[127],"A":[128],"can":[131],"reach":[132],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[134],"Lower":[135],"Bound":[136],"under":[138],"Gaussian":[139],"noise":[140],"also":[142],"proposed":[143],"does":[145],"not":[146],"restriction":[148],"placement":[151],"It":[157],"consists":[158],"initial":[161],"semidefinite":[164],"relaxation":[165],"refined":[168],"algebraic":[172],"estimator.":[173],"Simulations":[174],"validate":[175],"theoretical":[177],"investigation":[178],"algorithm":[181],"performance.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
