{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201020126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2021.3113803","title":"Finite-Alphabet Symbol-Level Multiuser Precoding for Massive MU-MIMO Downlink","display_name":"Finite-Alphabet Symbol-Level Multiuser Precoding for Massive MU-MIMO Downlink","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201020126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2021.3113803","mag":"3201020126"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2021.3113803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2021.3113803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/48793","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058769063","display_name":"Alireza Haqiqatnejad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0881-2543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259781","display_name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/02qav7c04","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577","https://openalex.org/I4405259781"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Haqiqatnejad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 1855 (e-mail: alireza.haqiqatnejad@uni.lu)","Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0881-2543","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 1855 (e-mail: alireza.haqiqatnejad@uni.lu)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577","https://openalex.org/I4405259781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577","https://openalex.org/I4405259781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052971777","display_name":"Farbod Kayhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-5435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259781","display_name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/02qav7c04","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577","https://openalex.org/I4405259781"]}],"countries":["GB","LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farbod Kayhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Communication Systems, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, 3660 Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (e-mail: f.kayhan@surrey.ac.uk)","Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Communication Systems, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, 3660 Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (e-mail: f.kayhan@surrey.ac.uk)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577","https://openalex.org/I4405259781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049043069","display_name":"Shahram Shahbazpanahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8914-5481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259781","display_name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/02qav7c04","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577","https://openalex.org/I4405259781"]}],"countries":["CA","LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahram ShahbazPanahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada, L1H7K4 (e-mail: shahram.shahbazpanahi@uoit.ca)","Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8914-5481","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada, L1H7K4 (e-mail: shahram.shahbazpanahi@uoit.ca)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577","https://openalex.org/I4405259781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080037825","display_name":"Bj\u00f6rn Ottersten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2298-6774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259781","display_name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/02qav7c04","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577","https://openalex.org/I4405259781"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bjorn Ottersten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Centre for Security Reliability and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, L-1855 (e-mail: bjorn.ottersten@uni.lu)","Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2298-6774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security Reliability and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, L-1855 (e-mail: bjorn.ottersten@uni.lu)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577","https://openalex.org/I4405259781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6422,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64907653,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":null,"first_page":"5595","last_page":"5610"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precoding","display_name":"Precoding","score":0.7632280588150024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.5974989533424377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coordinate-descent","display_name":"Coordinate descent","score":0.5618569850921631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5593795776367188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5517164468765259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4555247724056244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.42447325587272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.38920414447784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3549324870109558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.18297335505485535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1410050392150879}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.7632280588150024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.5974989533424377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157553263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5168004","display_name":"Coordinate descent","level":2,"score":0.5618569850921631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5593795776367188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5517164468765259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4555247724056244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42447325587272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.38920414447784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3549324870109558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.18297335505485535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1410050392150879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2021.3113803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2021.3113803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/48793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/48793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 69, 5595 - 5610 (2021-09-20)","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/48793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/48793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 69, 5595 - 5610 (2021-09-20)","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540425631","https://openalex.org/W1873257405","https://openalex.org/W1911476179","https://openalex.org/W1956027752","https://openalex.org/W1974598214","https://openalex.org/W1982765937","https://openalex.org/W2000359198","https://openalex.org/W2004294022","https://openalex.org/W2005604902","https://openalex.org/W2018295654","https://openalex.org/W2023535408","https://openalex.org/W2041287972","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2072184935","https://openalex.org/W2105147296","https://openalex.org/W2114945762","https://openalex.org/W2125987406","https://openalex.org/W2127152877","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2134179788","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2146761479","https://openalex.org/W2152481521","https://openalex.org/W2164278908","https://openalex.org/W2164536085","https://openalex.org/W2195833401","https://openalex.org/W2272804037","https://openalex.org/W2436620493","https://openalex.org/W2512356150","https://openalex.org/W2542673463","https://openalex.org/W2668617356","https://openalex.org/W2754625146","https://openalex.org/W2787789973","https://openalex.org/W2792345893","https://openalex.org/W2796251028","https://openalex.org/W2888933796","https://openalex.org/W2963195450","https://openalex.org/W2963508795","https://openalex.org/W2963511957","https://openalex.org/W2963543933","https://openalex.org/W2963992461","https://openalex.org/W2964287687","https://openalex.org/W2969909702","https://openalex.org/W2970558462","https://openalex.org/W3099908750","https://openalex.org/W3106282754","https://openalex.org/W4230713635","https://openalex.org/W4254313632","https://openalex.org/W4292363360","https://openalex.org/W6725872789"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281688526","https://openalex.org/W2152088989","https://openalex.org/W2756419127","https://openalex.org/W4366493479","https://openalex.org/W2401571617","https://openalex.org/W2548963335","https://openalex.org/W2905893439","https://openalex.org/W3141240674","https://openalex.org/W2489379490","https://openalex.org/W2141031289"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,154,216],"propose":[1],"a":[2,35,58,74,147,188,239],"finite-alphabet":[3,77,161],"symbol-level":[4],"precoding":[5,162],"technique":[6],"for":[7,61,125,164],"massive":[8],"multiuser":[9],"multiple-input":[10],"multiple-output":[11],"(MU-MIMO)":[12],"downlink":[13],"systems":[14],"which":[15,40],"are":[16],"equipped":[17],"with":[18,76,93,166,190],"finite-resolution":[19],"digital-to-analog":[20],"converters":[21],"(DACs)":[22],"of":[23,29,70,158,211,223,242],"any":[24],"precision.":[25],"Using":[26],"the":[27,44,52,65,68,71,85,111,156,159,201,204],"idea":[28],"constructive":[30],"interference":[31],"(CI),":[32],"we":[33,105,185],"adopt":[34],"max-min":[36],"fair":[37],"design":[38,86,163,206],"criterion":[39],"aims":[41],"to":[42,81,100,179,200,213,244],"maximize":[43],"minimum":[45],"instantaneous":[46],"received":[47],"signal-to-noise":[48],"ratio":[49],"(SNR)":[50],"among":[51],"user":[53],"equipments":[54],"(UEs)":[55],"while":[56],"ensuring":[57],"CI":[59],"constraint":[60],"each":[62],"UE":[63],"under":[64],"restriction":[66],"that":[67,173,198,227],"output":[69],"precoder":[72],"is":[73,88,98,134,171,231],"vector":[75],"discrete":[78,94,126],"elements.":[79],"Due":[80],"this":[82,103,107],"latter":[83],"constraint,":[84],"problem":[87,112],"an":[89,117,137],"NP-hard":[90],"quadratic":[91],"program":[92],"variables,":[95],"and":[96,127,141,193,220,225],"hence,":[97],"difficult":[99],"solve.":[101],"In":[102,183],"paper,":[104],"tackle":[106],"difficulty":[108],"by":[109],"reformulating":[110],"in":[113],"several":[114],"steps":[115],"into":[116],"equivalent":[118,123],"continuous-domain":[119],"biconvex":[120,132],"form,":[121],"including":[122],"representations":[124],"binary":[128],"constraints.":[129],"Our":[130],"final":[131],"reformulation":[133],"obtained":[135],"via":[136],"exact":[138],"penalty":[139],"approach":[140],"can":[142,177,207],"efficiently":[143],"be":[144],"solved":[145],"using":[146],"standard":[148],"cyclic":[149],"block":[150],"coordinate":[151],"descent":[152],"algorithm.":[153],"evaluate":[155],"performance":[157],"proposed":[160,205,229],"DACs":[165,176,192],"different":[167],"resolutions,":[168],"where":[169],"it":[170,235],"shown":[172],"employing":[174],"low-resolution":[175],"lead":[178],"higher":[180],"power":[181],"efficiencies.":[182],"particular,":[184],"focus":[186],"on":[187],"setup":[189],"one-bit":[191],"show":[194,226],"through":[195],"simulation":[196],"results":[197],"compared":[199],"existing":[202],"schemes,":[203],"achieve":[208],"SNR":[209],"gains":[210],"up":[212],"2":[214],"dB.":[215],"further":[217],"provide":[218],"analytic":[219],"numerical":[221],"analyses":[222],"complexity":[224],"our":[228],"algorithm":[230],"computationally":[232],"efficient":[233],"as":[234],"typically":[236],"needs":[237],"only":[238],"few":[240],"tens":[241],"iterations":[243],"converge.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}