{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2512859977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2016.2603964","title":"Optimal and Robust Beamforming for Secure Transmission in MISO Visible-Light Communication Links","display_name":"Optimal and Robust Beamforming for Secure Transmission in MISO Visible-Light Communication Links","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2512859977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2016.2603964","mag":"2512859977"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2016.2603964","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2016.2603964","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056703589","display_name":"Ayman Mostafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5975-5059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayman Mostafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052549336","display_name":"Lutz Lampe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6583-1978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lutz Lampe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.1573,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":117,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98595424,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"24","first_page":"6501","last_page":"6516"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7138276100158691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6384789943695068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.6031810641288757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5991954207420349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5800730586051941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.49253854155540466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3781065046787262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27981793880462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2547299563884735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.08333626389503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07818013429641724}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7138276100158691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6384789943695068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.6031810641288757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5991954207420349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5800730586051941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.49253854155540466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3781065046787262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27981793880462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2547299563884735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.08333626389503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07818013429641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2016.2603964","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2016.2603964","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W252932944","https://openalex.org/W333484335","https://openalex.org/W949353694","https://openalex.org/W1505562276","https://openalex.org/W1565176535","https://openalex.org/W1608227167","https://openalex.org/W1970334960","https://openalex.org/W1973384884","https://openalex.org/W1991614769","https://openalex.org/W1995285162","https://openalex.org/W1998618108","https://openalex.org/W2006093909","https://openalex.org/W2025488327","https://openalex.org/W2043769961","https://openalex.org/W2051767912","https://openalex.org/W2068531154","https://openalex.org/W2068916891","https://openalex.org/W2072563372","https://openalex.org/W2074120933","https://openalex.org/W2079364662","https://openalex.org/W2089105401","https://openalex.org/W2105935781","https://openalex.org/W2111064254","https://openalex.org/W2118176949","https://openalex.org/W2121494080","https://openalex.org/W2133406100","https://openalex.org/W2144644352","https://openalex.org/W2162678712","https://openalex.org/W2163770389","https://openalex.org/W2165589418","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2488961400","https://openalex.org/W2912144581","https://openalex.org/W4249667877","https://openalex.org/W4293702014"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2501797479","https://openalex.org/W2997630107","https://openalex.org/W2316891316","https://openalex.org/W3109516991","https://openalex.org/W3081944688","https://openalex.org/W2395898055","https://openalex.org/W2874864613","https://openalex.org/W2291056487","https://openalex.org/W2289948051","https://openalex.org/W4309910562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"considers":[2],"secure":[3],"downlink":[4],"transmission":[5],"in":[6,106,231],"indoor":[7],"multiple-input,":[8],"single-output":[9],"visible-light":[10],"communication":[11],"(VLC)":[12],"links.":[13,88],"In":[14,102],"particular,":[15],"we":[16,158],"study":[17],"the":[18,25,35,40,47,75,84,91,107,122,130,133,137,144,154,167,175,179,188,198,202,207,211,222,228,238],"design":[19,48],"of":[20,39,79,153,178,201,227],"transmit":[21],"beamformers":[22],"that":[23,58],"maximize":[24],"achievable":[26],"secrecy":[27,93,224],"rate":[28,94,225],"subject":[29,98],"to":[30,53,99,112,142,196],"amplitude":[31,100],"constraints":[32,45],"imposed":[33],"by":[34,118,187],"limited":[36,113],"dynamic":[37],"range":[38],"light-emitting":[41],"diodes":[42],"(LEDs).":[43],"Such":[44],"render":[46],"problem":[49,61],"nonconvex":[50,60],"and":[51,86,115,132,148,170,210],"difficult":[52],"solve.":[54],"We":[55,72,89,181,192,219],"show,":[56],"however,":[57],"this":[59],"can":[62],"be":[63],"transformed":[64],"into":[65,150],"a":[66,232],"solvable":[67],"quasiconvex":[68],"line":[69],"search":[70],"problem.":[71],"also":[73,182,220],"consider":[74,183],"more":[76],"realistic":[77],"case":[78],"imperfect":[80],"channel":[81,109,139,155,184],"information":[82,165],"regarding":[83,166],"receiver's":[85,108],"eavesdropper's":[87,145,168],"tackle":[90],"worst-case":[92,223],"maximization":[95],"problem,":[96],"again":[97],"constraints.":[101],"our":[103],"treatment,":[104],"uncertainty":[105,160,240],"is":[110,116,126],"due":[111],"feedback,":[114],"modeled":[117],"spherical":[119],"sets.":[120],"On":[121],"other":[123],"hand,":[124],"there":[125],"no":[127],"feedback":[128],"from":[129],"eavesdropper,":[131],"transmitter":[134],"shall":[135],"utilize":[136],"line-of-sight":[138],"gain":[140,200],"equation":[141],"map":[143],"nominal":[146],"location":[147,169],"orientation":[149],"an":[151],"estimate":[152],"gain.":[156],"Thus,":[157],"derive":[159],"sets":[161],"based":[162],"on":[163],"inaccurate":[164],"orientation,":[171],"as":[172,174],"well":[173],"emission":[176],"pattern":[177],"LEDs.":[180],"mismatches":[185],"caused":[186],"uncertain":[189],"non-line-of-sight":[190],"components.":[191],"provide":[193],"numerical":[194],"examples":[195],"demonstrate":[197],"performance":[199,226],"optimal":[203],"beamformer":[204,213,230],"compared":[205,214],"with":[206,215,237],"suboptimal":[208],"schemes,":[209],"robust":[212,229],"its":[216],"nonrobust":[217],"counterparts.":[218],"evaluate":[221],"typical":[233],"VLC":[234],"scenario":[235],"along":[236],"aforementioned":[239],"sources.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
