{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2333483407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2016.2529584","title":"Asymmetric Threat Modeling Using HMMs: Bernoulli Filtering and Detectability Analysis","display_name":"Asymmetric Threat Modeling Using HMMs: Bernoulli Filtering and Detectability Analysis","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2333483407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2016.2529584","mag":"2333483407"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2016.2529584","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2016.2529584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/237862/local_237862.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027594680","display_name":"Karl Granstr\u00f6m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3450-988X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Karl Granstrom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Signals and Systems, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Signals and Systems, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019392883","display_name":"Peter Willett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8443-5586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Willett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044127482","display_name":"Yaakov Bar\u2010Shalom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1317-3368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaakov Bar-Shalom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027594680"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2448,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95927483,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"10","first_page":"2587","last_page":"2601"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9571999907493591,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9571999907493591,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13371","display_name":"Military Defense Systems Analysis","score":0.9455000162124634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12321","display_name":"Insect Pheromone Research and Control","score":0.9330999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.7607921361923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.7284729480743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bernoullis-principle","display_name":"Bernoulli's principle","score":0.7003703117370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6734033226966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.619282603263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5631095767021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4483071565628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bernoulli-distribution","display_name":"Bernoulli distribution","score":0.42768824100494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4194349944591522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4117191731929779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.38206174969673157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27256613969802856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-variable","display_name":"Random variable","score":0.17654359340667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.15967482328414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15588179230690002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.10224932432174683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07929179072380066}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.7607921361923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.7284729480743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152361515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181328","display_name":"Bernoulli's principle","level":2,"score":0.7003703117370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6734033226966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.619282603263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5631095767021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4483071565628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27956954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391371","display_name":"Bernoulli distribution","level":3,"score":0.42768824100494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4194349944591522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4117191731929779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.38206174969673157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27256613969802856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.17654359340667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.15967482328414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15588179230690002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.10224932432174683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07929179072380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2016.2529584","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2016.2529584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:237862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/237862","pdf_url":"http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/237862/local_237862.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.lib.chalmers.se:237862","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/publication/237862-asymmetric-threat-modeling-using-hmms-bernoulli-filtering-and-detectability-analysis","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196470","display_name":"Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text.Article.Journal.PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:237862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/237862","pdf_url":"http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/237862/local_237862.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1228813458","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4-13-1-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6017608805","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W991NF-10-1-0369","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7007325666","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-13-1-0231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7677670423","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00244-14-1-0033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2333483407.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2333483407.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34992941","https://openalex.org/W133782372","https://openalex.org/W601964479","https://openalex.org/W1506806321","https://openalex.org/W1564989111","https://openalex.org/W1590772317","https://openalex.org/W1654691402","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1990707701","https://openalex.org/W2010819206","https://openalex.org/W2026002536","https://openalex.org/W2033655644","https://openalex.org/W2082823418","https://openalex.org/W2101506488","https://openalex.org/W2105594594","https://openalex.org/W2112014348","https://openalex.org/W2113004188","https://openalex.org/W2120004402","https://openalex.org/W2125105520","https://openalex.org/W2125751867","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2138666566","https://openalex.org/W2142300547","https://openalex.org/W2162548352","https://openalex.org/W2293263533","https://openalex.org/W2499157986","https://openalex.org/W2735342152","https://openalex.org/W3133603318","https://openalex.org/W3147228951","https://openalex.org/W4212863985","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6605436437","https://openalex.org/W6676904260"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996520289","https://openalex.org/W3140584830","https://openalex.org/W2236428207","https://openalex.org/W4366387587","https://openalex.org/W2151706800","https://openalex.org/W2099646276","https://openalex.org/W1982788967","https://openalex.org/W2249919526","https://openalex.org/W2791968570","https://openalex.org/W4324123865"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,35,45,51,66,78,133,145,183,201],"good":[2,137,193],"reason":[3],"to":[4,80,92,135,185,203],"model":[5],"an":[6,18,52,67,88,151],"asymmetric":[7],"threat":[8],"(a":[9],"structured":[10],"action":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13,17,103,105],"a":[14,36,74,123,127],"terrorist":[15],"attack)":[16],"HMM":[19,53,76,89,167],"whose":[20],"observations":[21,43],"are":[22,164],"cluttered.":[23],"Within":[24],"this":[25,27],"context,":[26],"paper":[28],"presents":[29],"two":[30],"important":[31],"contributions.":[32],"The":[33,64,177],"first":[34],"Bernoulli":[37,131,197,207],"filter":[38,132,208],"that":[39,87,96,140,159,181],"can":[40],"process":[41],"cluttered":[42],"and":[44,55,118,192,212],"capable":[46],"of":[47,61,69,111,115,120,122,143,150],"detecting":[48],"whether":[49],"there":[50],"present,":[54],"if":[56],"so,":[57],"estimate":[58],"the":[59,62,70,84,109,130,141,148,156,160,162,166,170,172,187,196,206],"state":[60,168],"HMM.":[63],"second":[65],"analysis":[68],"problem":[71],"that,":[72],"for":[73,195],"given":[75],"model,":[77],"able":[79],"make":[81],"statements":[82],"regarding":[83],"minimum":[85],"complexity":[86],"would":[90],"need":[91],"involve":[93],"in":[94],"order":[95],"it":[97,182,200,214],"be":[98,210],"detectable":[99],"with":[100],"reasonable":[101],"fidelity,":[102],"well":[104],"upper":[106],"bounds":[107],"on":[108],"level":[110],"clutter":[112,153],"(expected":[113],"number":[114],"false":[116],"measurements)":[117],"probability":[119,142,149,173],"miss":[121],"relevant":[124],"observation.":[125,154],"In":[126],"simulation":[128],"study,":[129],"shown":[134],"give":[136],"performance":[138,191,194],"provided":[139],"observation":[144],"larger":[146,171],"than":[147],"irrelevant":[152],"Further,":[155],"results":[157],"show":[158],"longer":[161],"delays":[163],"between":[165,189],"transitions,":[169],"margin":[174],"must":[175],"be.":[176,217],"feasibility":[178],"prediction":[179],"shows":[180],"possible":[184,202],"predict":[186,204],"boundary":[188],"poor":[190],"filter,":[198],"i.e.,":[199],"when":[205,213],"will":[209,215],"useful,":[211],"not":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}