{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1480270663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2015.2440213","title":"Ziv\u2013Zakai Bound for Joint Parameter Estimation in MIMO Radar Systems","display_name":"Ziv\u2013Zakai Bound for Joint Parameter Estimation in MIMO Radar Systems","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1480270663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2015.2440213","mag":"1480270663"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2015.2440213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2015.2440213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036805360","display_name":"Vlad Mihai Chiriac","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0571-6118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140517","display_name":"University Heights Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04wngnd82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140517"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vlad M. Chiriac","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020770172","display_name":"Qian He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0875-7142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111244904","display_name":"Alexander M. Haimovich","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140517","display_name":"University Heights Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04wngnd82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140517"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander M. Haimovich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042577942","display_name":"Rick S. Blum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1024-6771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186143895","display_name":"Lehigh University","ror":"https://ror.org/012afjb06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rick S. Blum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.1019,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99103862,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"18","first_page":"4956","last_page":"4968"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5810115337371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5750322937965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity-function","display_name":"Ambiguity function","score":0.5678719878196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5573402047157288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5571526885032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5452542901039124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.5451414585113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cram\u00e9r\u2013rao-bound","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","score":0.5318045020103455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.5240773558616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4404506981372833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.42497706413269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3856046497821808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3757847845554352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.2894485890865326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2307027280330658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.204552561044693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.15198475122451782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12056252360343933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.08507850766181946}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5810115337371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5750322937965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50878840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3206297","display_name":"Ambiguity function","level":4,"score":0.5678719878196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5573402047157288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5571526885032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5452542901039124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.5451414585113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.5318045020103455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.5240773558616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4404506981372833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.42497706413269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3856046497821808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3757847845554352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.2894485890865326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2307027280330658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.204552561044693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.15198475122451782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12056252360343933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.08507850766181946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2015.2440213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2015.2440213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3405751948","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-12-1-0409","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3620901857","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8eMIMO\u96f7\u8fbe\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u591a\u7ef4\u7ec6\u5fae\u8fd0\u52a8\u72b6\u6001\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u771f\u5047\u5f39\u5934\u8bc6\u522b\u65b0\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61102142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4801070804","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5916\u8f90\u5c04\u6e90MIMO\u96f7\u8fbe\u4f30\u8ba1\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61571091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4994448295","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-09-1-0303","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5556962868","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1405579","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6023474935","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZYGX2013J015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8934660667","display_name":"\u661f\u8f7d\u77e2\u91cf\u9635\u5217\u7a33\u5065\u5e72\u6270\u6291\u5236\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ca\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61371184","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65255600","https://openalex.org/W1536252645","https://openalex.org/W1546857863","https://openalex.org/W1828617262","https://openalex.org/W1967845942","https://openalex.org/W1969425321","https://openalex.org/W2005694886","https://openalex.org/W2007641452","https://openalex.org/W2018744547","https://openalex.org/W2024962498","https://openalex.org/W2032691773","https://openalex.org/W2050348941","https://openalex.org/W2064348260","https://openalex.org/W2080555523","https://openalex.org/W2083506609","https://openalex.org/W2096647193","https://openalex.org/W2097087192","https://openalex.org/W2104511008","https://openalex.org/W2118651156","https://openalex.org/W2119227377","https://openalex.org/W2119719351","https://openalex.org/W2122343544","https://openalex.org/W2124047279","https://openalex.org/W2135915867","https://openalex.org/W2148645977","https://openalex.org/W2155973058","https://openalex.org/W2165709293","https://openalex.org/W2169729253","https://openalex.org/W2468111627","https://openalex.org/W2520151082","https://openalex.org/W2565753657","https://openalex.org/W4214683347","https://openalex.org/W4238801035","https://openalex.org/W4246841922","https://openalex.org/W4252997469","https://openalex.org/W4298703881","https://openalex.org/W6674862116"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130674020","https://openalex.org/W2022238059","https://openalex.org/W2585557503","https://openalex.org/W2271312798","https://openalex.org/W2169354510","https://openalex.org/W4389474210","https://openalex.org/W1967296369","https://openalex.org/W2014635939","https://openalex.org/W4299934179","https://openalex.org/W2073381184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Local":[0],"bounds,":[1],"such":[2],"as":[3],"the":[4,27,32,42,73,77,91,102,131,139,142,144,152,171],"Cramer-Rao":[5],"bound":[6,44],"(CRB),":[7],"provide":[8],"inaccurate":[9],"predictions":[10,25],"under":[11],"low":[12],"signal-to-noise":[13],"ratio":[14],"(SNR)":[15],"conditions.":[16],"Global":[17],"bounds":[18],"are":[19,99,161,168],"capable":[20],"of":[21,26,29,35,52,76,83,104,141,151,157,173],"providing":[22],"more":[23],"accurate":[24],"performance":[28],"estimators":[30],"over":[31],"full":[33],"range":[34],"SNR.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38],"paper,":[39],"we":[40],"derive":[41],"Ziv-Zakai":[43],"(ZZB)":[45],"for":[46,113,119,170],"joint":[47,114],"location":[48],"and":[49,66,106,116,121,148,176],"velocity":[50],"estimation":[51,118],"a":[53,57,134],"target":[54,78,97],"illuminated":[55],"by":[56,90],"non-coherent":[58],"multiple-input":[59],"multiple-output":[60],"(MIMO)":[61],"radar":[62,124,153],"employing":[63],"orthogonal":[64],"waveforms":[65],"widely":[67],"spaced":[68],"antennas.":[69],"The":[70,96,111,155,166],"setup":[71],"captures":[72,138],"multistatic":[74],"nature":[75],"gains,":[79],"where":[80],"each":[81],"pair":[82],"transmit-receive":[84],"elements":[85],"experience":[86],"independent":[87,108],"gains":[88],"governed":[89],"Swerling":[92],"type":[93],"1":[94],"model.":[95],"returns":[98],"observed":[100],"in":[101],"presence":[103],"spatially":[105],"temporally":[107],"Gaussian":[109],"clutter-plus-noise.":[110],"ZZB":[112,132],"delay":[115],"Doppler":[117],"single-input":[120],"single-output":[122],"(SISO)":[123],"is":[125,133],"also":[126],"developed.":[127],"We":[128],"show":[129],"that":[130,137],"comprehensive":[135],"metric":[136],"effect":[140],"SNR,":[143],"ambiguity":[145],"function":[146],"(AF)":[147],"other":[149],"parameters":[150],"systems.":[154],"effects":[156],"different":[158],"system":[159],"configurations":[160],"explored":[162],"through":[163],"numerical":[164],"studies.":[165],"results":[167],"useful":[169],"analysis":[172],"both":[174],"active":[175],"passive":[177],"radars.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}