{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2077584999","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2010.2084085","title":"\u201cVector Cross-Product Direction-Finding\u201d With an Electromagnetic Vector-Sensor of Six Orthogonally Oriented But Spatially Noncollocating Dipoles/Loops","display_name":"\u201cVector Cross-Product Direction-Finding\u201d With an Electromagnetic Vector-Sensor of Six Orthogonally Oriented But Spatially Noncollocating Dipoles/Loops","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2077584999","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2010.2084085","mag":"2077584999"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2010.2084085","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2010.2084085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000852263","display_name":"Kainam Thomas Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1583-6682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kainam Thomas Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China","Dept. of Electron. & Inf. Eng., Hong Kong Polytech. Univ., Kowloon, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. & Inf. Eng., Hong Kong Polytech. Univ., Kowloon, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015431603","display_name":"Xin Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8311-7524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China","Dept. of Electron. & Inf. Eng., Hong Kong Polytech. Univ., Kowloon, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. & Inf. Eng., Hong Kong Polytech. Univ., Kowloon, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000852263"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.417,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":149,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97808326,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"1","first_page":"160","last_page":"171"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12450","display_name":"Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poynting-vector","display_name":"Poynting vector","score":0.8022608757019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-product","display_name":"Cross product","score":0.6641913652420044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-vector","display_name":"Direction vector","score":0.4943547248840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4820919334888458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-cosine","display_name":"Direction cosine","score":0.4644263982772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-field","display_name":"Electromagnetic field","score":0.4606277048587799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-finding","display_name":"Direction finding","score":0.44327232241630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4246417284011841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-and-far-field","display_name":"Near and far field","score":0.4235909879207611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3514912724494934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27058809995651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.26178568601608276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.22792968153953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.22300225496292114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.1701873540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1475016474723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09571564197540283}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193614536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504186","display_name":"Poynting vector","level":3,"score":0.8022608757019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82927061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178192","display_name":"Cross product","level":2,"score":0.6641913652420044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137318105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36255","display_name":"Direction vector","level":2,"score":0.4943547248840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4820919334888458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9578719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518906","display_name":"Direction cosine","level":2,"score":0.4644263982772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28843909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177625","display_name":"Electromagnetic field","level":2,"score":0.4606277048587799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780382809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367488","display_name":"Direction finding","level":3,"score":0.44327232241630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4246417284011841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25227671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13405516","display_name":"Near and far field","level":2,"score":0.4235909879207611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3514912724494934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27058809995651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.26178568601608276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.22792968153953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.22300225496292114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.1701873540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1475016474723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09571564197540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsp.2010.2084085","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2010.2084085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/12045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/12045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W653761051","https://openalex.org/W1506110134","https://openalex.org/W1566621333","https://openalex.org/W1567126994","https://openalex.org/W1602303396","https://openalex.org/W1966513624","https://openalex.org/W1968882770","https://openalex.org/W1970765391","https://openalex.org/W1996371435","https://openalex.org/W1997627434","https://openalex.org/W2015107817","https://openalex.org/W2016784497","https://openalex.org/W2017215536","https://openalex.org/W2023334490","https://openalex.org/W2029708941","https://openalex.org/W2050701083","https://openalex.org/W2056263005","https://openalex.org/W2060959123","https://openalex.org/W2088044525","https://openalex.org/W2096638964","https://openalex.org/W2097207905","https://openalex.org/W2098944840","https://openalex.org/W2098995285","https://openalex.org/W2118631481","https://openalex.org/W2119253005","https://openalex.org/W2120998230","https://openalex.org/W2123845182","https://openalex.org/W2128131274","https://openalex.org/W2129054122","https://openalex.org/W2130792062","https://openalex.org/W2132730168","https://openalex.org/W2134893878","https://openalex.org/W2138271508","https://openalex.org/W2142750353","https://openalex.org/W2143746649","https://openalex.org/W2143790977","https://openalex.org/W2146451752","https://openalex.org/W2149006657","https://openalex.org/W2150529197","https://openalex.org/W2150653949","https://openalex.org/W2155997268","https://openalex.org/W2156307414","https://openalex.org/W2163111953","https://openalex.org/W2163679811","https://openalex.org/W2166918386","https://openalex.org/W2169260271","https://openalex.org/W2170400088","https://openalex.org/W2356697885","https://openalex.org/W2544570751","https://openalex.org/W6633919563","https://openalex.org/W6665793616","https://openalex.org/W6678900856","https://openalex.org/W6680419279","https://openalex.org/W6681229370","https://openalex.org/W6681736584"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1962943814","https://openalex.org/W4239579587","https://openalex.org/W3209985982","https://openalex.org/W3084301102","https://openalex.org/W2980944498","https://openalex.org/W81217365","https://openalex.org/W4390715150","https://openalex.org/W1481128816","https://openalex.org/W2077584999","https://openalex.org/W4232260332"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Direction-finding":[0],"capability":[1],"has":[2,96,206],"recently":[3],"been":[4,97],"advanced":[5],"by":[6,231],"synergies":[7],"between":[8,52],"the":[9,16,30,53,58,66,80,86,100,179,186,190,216,223,228],"customary":[10],"approach":[11,18,28],"of":[12,19,36,68,102,197,233],"inter":[13],"ferometry":[14],"and":[15,57,84,166,189,219],"new":[17,204],"\u201cvector":[20,92,180],"cross":[21,93],"product\u201d":[22,94],"based":[23],"Poynting-vector":[24],"estimator.":[25],"The":[26],"latter":[27],"measures":[29],"incident":[31,70],"electromagnetic":[32,39,105,116,150],"wavefield":[33],"for":[34],"each":[35,69],"its":[37,153],"six":[38,104,154],"components,":[40],"all":[41,103],"at":[42,107],"one":[43,108],"point":[44],"in":[45,138,199,210,214,220],"space,":[46],"to":[47,65,177,226],"allow":[48],"a":[49,91,139,143,200],"vector":[50,56],"cross-product":[51],"measured":[54,59],"electric-field":[55],"magnetic-field":[60],"vector.":[61],"This":[62,112,203],"would":[63,77,146],"lead":[64],"estimation":[67],"source's":[71],"Poynting-vector,":[72],"which":[73],"(after":[74],"proper":[75],"norm-normalization)":[76],"then":[78],"reveal":[79],"corresponding":[81],"Cartesian":[82],"direction-cosines,":[83],"thus":[85],"azimuth-elevation":[87],"arrival":[88],"angles.":[89],"Such":[90,142],"algorithm":[95],"predicated":[98],"on":[99],"measurement":[101],"components":[106],"same":[109],"spatial":[110,224],"location.":[111],"physically":[113],"requires":[114],"an":[115],"vector-sensor,":[117],"i.e.,":[118],"three":[119,128,187,191],"identical":[120,129],"but":[121,130],"orthogonally":[122,131],"oriented":[123,132],"electrically":[124],"short":[125],"dipoles,":[126],"plus":[127],"magnetically":[133],"small":[134],"loops\u2014all":[135],"spatially":[136],"collocated":[137,162],"point-like":[140,201],"geometry.":[141],"complicated":[144],"\u201cvector-antenna\u201d":[145],"require":[147],"exceptionally":[148],"effective":[149],"isolation":[151],"among":[152],"component-antennas.":[155],"To":[156],"minimize":[157],"mutual":[158,212],"coupling":[159],"across":[160],"these":[161],"antennas,":[163],"considerable":[164],"antennas-complexity":[165],"hardware":[167],"cost":[168],"could":[169],"be":[170],"required.":[171],"Instead,":[172],"this":[173],"paper":[174],"shows":[175],"how":[176],"apply":[178],"cross-product\u201d":[181],"direction-of-arrival":[182],"estimator,":[183],"even":[184],"if":[185],"dipoles":[188],"loops":[192],"are":[193],"located":[194],"separately":[195],"(instead":[196],"collocating":[198],"geometry).":[202],"scheme":[205],"great":[207],"practical":[208],"value,":[209],"reducing":[211],"coupling,":[213],"simplifying":[215],"antennas":[217],"hardware,":[218],"sparsely":[221],"extending":[222],"aperture":[225],"refine":[227],"direction-finding":[229],"accuracy":[230],"orders":[232],"magnitude.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
