{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1977860450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2012.2215851","title":"Nature-Inspired Techniques in the Context of Fraud Detection","display_name":"Nature-Inspired Techniques in the Context of Fraud Detection","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1977860450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2012.2215851","mag":"1977860450"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmcc.2012.2215851","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2012.2215851","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227557","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C (Applications and Reviews)","issn_l":"1094-6977","issn":["1094-6977","1558-2442"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061581783","display_name":"Mohammad Behdad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Behdad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","[Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035828142","display_name":"Luigi Barone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Barone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","[Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009750573","display_name":"Mohammed Bennamoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-3257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Bennamoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","[Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030763134","display_name":"Tim French","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0748-8040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim French","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","[Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061581783"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2382,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81815884,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"6","first_page":"1273","last_page":"1290"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6571826934814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.646091103553772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.583245038986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5161800980567932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.4578922688961029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.37960028648376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12272068858146667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6571826934814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.646091103553772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.583245038986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5161800980567932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.4578922688961029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.37960028648376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12272068858146667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmcc.2012.2215851","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2012.2215851","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227557","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C (Applications and Reviews)","issn_l":"1094-6977","issn":["1094-6977","1558-2442"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews)","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/e1ebf112-c68d-4fea-9a59-cca48ca0490d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/e1ebf112-c68d-4fea-9a59-cca48ca0490d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402523","display_name":"UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","host_organization_name":"The University of Western Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Behdad , M , Barone , L , Bennamoun , M & French , T 2012 , ' Nature-inspired techniques in the context of fraud detection ' , IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics Part C: Applications and Reviews , vol. 42 , no. 6 , pp. 1273 - 1290 . https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2012.2215851","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":207,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26711432","https://openalex.org/W59977388","https://openalex.org/W106005634","https://openalex.org/W117363321","https://openalex.org/W147687952","https://openalex.org/W155995321","https://openalex.org/W169052826","https://openalex.org/W172410088","https://openalex.org/W189008923","https://openalex.org/W192749064","https://openalex.org/W198400426","https://openalex.org/W259338706","https://openalex.org/W1481458213","https://openalex.org/W1492196703","https://openalex.org/W1512383952","https://openalex.org/W1512842267","https://openalex.org/W1513158862","https://openalex.org/W1514273880","https://openalex.org/W1525042185","https://openalex.org/W1526455201","https://openalex.org/W1540343981","https://openalex.org/W1540581915","https://openalex.org/W1549006996","https://openalex.org/W1553490351","https://openalex.org/W1556024794","https://openalex.org/W1564226734","https://openalex.org/W1565406271","https://openalex.org/W1572267420","https://openalex.org/W1573676079","https://openalex.org/W1576283494","https://openalex.org/W1582984768","https://openalex.org/W1583353573","https://openalex.org/W1585103252","https://openalex.org/W1589679063","https://openalex.org/W1589718127","https://openalex.org/W1593041439","https://openalex.org/W1594427586","https://openalex.org/W1601024910","https://openalex.org/W1602011302","https://openalex.org/W1602183532","https://openalex.org/W1602942503","https://openalex.org/W1608257583","https://openalex.org/W1636210188","https://openalex.org/W1672968255","https://openalex.org/W1755863839","https://openalex.org/W1760324431","https://openalex.org/W1793701335","https://openalex.org/W1802859165","https://openalex.org/W1842727743","https://openalex.org/W1847588464","https://openalex.org/W1892450327","https://openalex.org/W1964089535","https://openalex.org/W1965895350","https://openalex.org/W1971226872","https://openalex.org/W1972651187","https://openalex.org/W1973533434","https://openalex.org/W1974079881","https://openalex.org/W1975580029","https://openalex.org/W1975760873","https://openalex.org/W1983827610","https://openalex.org/W1988848004","https://openalex.org/W1989101984","https://openalex.org/W1991186867","https://openalex.org/W1997665666","https://openalex.org/W1998237413","https://openalex.org/W1999917026","https://openalex.org/W2002964284","https://openalex.org/W2003736242","https://openalex.org/W2005462790","https://openalex.org/W2008088085","https://openalex.org/W2008621342","https://openalex.org/W2011691939","https://openalex.org/W2012560965","https://openalex.org/W2012994691","https://openalex.org/W2015585187","https://openalex.org/W2021310278","https://openalex.org/W2023717188","https://openalex.org/W2024454892","https://openalex.org/W2025310850","https://openalex.org/W2026843999","https://openalex.org/W2041597619","https://openalex.org/W2044621665","https://openalex.org/W2053469918","https://openalex.org/W2053724458","https://openalex.org/W2053927564","https://openalex.org/W2054230710","https://openalex.org/W2058045464","https://openalex.org/W2059844027","https://openalex.org/W2063867591","https://openalex.org/W2064733273","https://openalex.org/W2069457154","https://openalex.org/W2075433097","https://openalex.org/W2078268845","https://openalex.org/W2078408680","https://openalex.org/W2083911205","https://openalex.org/W2084294913","https://openalex.org/W2084543849","https://openalex.org/W2086787243","https://openalex.org/W2087445078","https://openalex.org/W2094560950","https://openalex.org/W2096266510","https://openalex.org/W2100486461","https://openalex.org/W2102776287","https://openalex.org/W2102964147","https://openalex.org/W2103614420","https://openalex.org/W2104290684","https://openalex.org/W2104683786","https://openalex.org/W2105173201","https://openalex.org/W2106136950","https://openalex.org/W2107012459","https://openalex.org/W2108380954","https://openalex.org/W2108892092","https://openalex.org/W2110712520","https://openalex.org/W2114449252","https://openalex.org/W2115114820","https://openalex.org/W2116683880","https://openalex.org/W2117812871","https://openalex.org/W2120011452","https://openalex.org/W2121990650","https://openalex.org/W2122641792","https://openalex.org/W2123880622","https://openalex.org/W2123992583","https://openalex.org/W2124279226","https://openalex.org/W2124969208","https://openalex.org/W2130724591","https://openalex.org/W2131498344","https://openalex.org/W2131906261","https://openalex.org/W2132555912","https://openalex.org/W2133700218","https://openalex.org/W2134750673","https://openalex.org/W2135420268","https://openalex.org/W2139669429","https://openalex.org/W2140050211","https://openalex.org/W2140190241","https://openalex.org/W2142066721","https://openalex.org/W2142863739","https://openalex.org/W2142995284","https://openalex.org/W2143166066","https://openalex.org/W2143989995","https://openalex.org/W2144301395","https://openalex.org/W2144415203","https://openalex.org/W2146711188","https://openalex.org/W2147872867","https://openalex.org/W2149183144","https://openalex.org/W2150755264","https://openalex.org/W2153144132","https://openalex.org/W2154058875","https://openalex.org/W2154096079","https://openalex.org/W2155461860","https://openalex.org/W2156105094","https://openalex.org/W2156106639","https://openalex.org/W2157527043","https://openalex.org/W2158934641","https://openalex.org/W2158987937","https://openalex.org/W2159164708","https://openalex.org/W2160536005","https://openalex.org/W2161995126","https://openalex.org/W2162409230","https://openalex.org/W2163921091","https://openalex.org/W2165313080","https://openalex.org/W2166781513","https://openalex.org/W2168403522","https://openalex.org/W2169768310","https://openalex.org/W2170768220","https://openalex.org/W2170892895","https://openalex.org/W2171316127","https://openalex.org/W2171809276","https://openalex.org/W2293768274","https://openalex.org/W2477905973","https://openalex.org/W2734581193","https://openalex.org/W2798741797","https://openalex.org/W2913950235","https://openalex.org/W2916045930","https://openalex.org/W3123877195","https://openalex.org/W3124662447","https://openalex.org/W3152112836","https://openalex.org/W4231955481","https://openalex.org/W4235137919","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4292408555","https://openalex.org/W4294554784","https://openalex.org/W6601051852","https://openalex.org/W6604315852","https://openalex.org/W6606045100","https://openalex.org/W6606406289","https://openalex.org/W6606879723","https://openalex.org/W6606983600","https://openalex.org/W6607714477","https://openalex.org/W6628873980","https://openalex.org/W6629523211","https://openalex.org/W6633310491","https://openalex.org/W6633312803","https://openalex.org/W6634683760","https://openalex.org/W6635471530","https://openalex.org/W6635919243","https://openalex.org/W6637924291","https://openalex.org/W6675580205","https://openalex.org/W6675789689","https://openalex.org/W6677773337","https://openalex.org/W6680754219","https://openalex.org/W6681480703","https://openalex.org/W6683834298","https://openalex.org/W6685222268","https://openalex.org/W6685384526","https://openalex.org/W6685747873","https://openalex.org/W6842835102","https://openalex.org/W6929467385"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2218202131","https://openalex.org/W2519676117","https://openalex.org/W84108837","https://openalex.org/W2155740880","https://openalex.org/W4253249845","https://openalex.org/W2148444631","https://openalex.org/W1988425686","https://openalex.org/W2125452230","https://openalex.org/W971421295","https://openalex.org/W2185138819"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electronic":[0],"fraud":[1,23,40,72,89],"is":[2,25,41],"highly":[3],"lucrative,":[4],"with":[5,95],"estimates":[6],"suggesting":[7],"these":[8,101],"crimes":[9],"to":[10,28,38,103,126],"be":[11],"worth":[12],"millions":[13],"of":[14,18,35,60,70,87,118,121],"dollars":[15],"annually.":[16],"Because":[17],"its":[19],"complex":[20],"nature,":[21],"electronic":[22,71,88,122],"detection":[24,77],"typically":[26],"impractical":[27],"solve":[29],"without":[30],"automation.":[31],"However,":[32],"the":[33,58,66,74,96],"creation":[34],"automated":[36],"systems":[37],"detect":[39],"very":[42],"difficult":[43],"as":[44],"adversaries":[45],"readily":[46],"adapt":[47],"and":[48,73,98,110],"change":[49],"their":[50],"fraudulent":[51],"activities":[52],"which":[53],"are":[54,80,90,124],"often":[55],"lost":[56],"in":[57,92],"magnitude":[59],"legitimate":[61],"transactions.":[62],"This":[63],"study":[64],"reviews":[65],"most":[67],"popular":[68],"types":[69,120],"existing":[75],"nature-inspired":[76],"methods":[78],"that":[79,100],"used":[81],"for":[82,112,130],"them.":[83],"The":[84],"common":[85],"characteristics":[86],"examined":[91],"detail":[93],"along":[94],"difficulties":[97],"challenges":[99],"present":[102],"computational":[104],"intelligence":[105],"systems.":[106],"Finally,":[107],"open":[108],"questions":[109],"opportunities":[111],"further":[113],"work,":[114],"including":[115],"a":[116,128],"discussion":[117],"emerging":[119],"fraud,":[123],"presented":[125],"provide":[127],"context":[129],"ongoing":[131],"research.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}