{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020066883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2162401","title":"Autonomous Adaptive and Active Tuning Up of the Dissolved Oxygen Setpoint in a Wastewater Treatment Plant Using Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Autonomous Adaptive and Active Tuning Up of the Dissolved Oxygen Setpoint in a Wastewater Treatment Plant Using Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020066883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2162401","mag":"2020066883"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2162401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2162401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227557","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C (Applications and Reviews)","issn_l":"1094-6977","issn":["1094-6977","1558-2442"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039024023","display_name":"F\u00e9lix Hern\u00e1ndez\u2010del\u2010Olmo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0567-9572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178450904","display_name":"Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia","ror":"https://ror.org/02msb5n36","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108168","display_name":"Universidad a Distancia de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9skd65","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108168"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Hernandez-del-Olmo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Madrid, Spain","Dept. of Artificial Intell., Univ. Nac. de Educ. a Distancia, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Artificial Intell., Univ. Nac. de Educ. a Distancia, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073237157","display_name":"Elena Gaudioso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2258-6623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178450904","display_name":"Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia","ror":"https://ror.org/02msb5n36","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108168","display_name":"Universidad a Distancia de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9skd65","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108168"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Gaudioso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Madrid, Spain","Dept. of Artificial Intell., Univ. Nac. de Educ. a Distancia, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Artificial Intell., Univ. Nac. de Educ. a Distancia, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108168"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085805373","display_name":"Antonio Nevado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5856-2378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178450904","display_name":"Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia","ror":"https://ror.org/02msb5n36","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Nevado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Control, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Madrid, Spain","Dept. of Electr. Eng., Electron. & Control, Univ. Nac. de Educ. a Distancia, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Control, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Electron. & Control, Univ. Nac. de Educ. a Distancia, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9428,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93413339,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"5","first_page":"768","last_page":"774"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10564","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/setpoint","display_name":"Setpoint","score":0.9977630972862244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7380485534667969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sewage-treatment","display_name":"Sewage treatment","score":0.5036095976829529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5016477108001709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.47420361638069153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.45554062724113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3888598382472992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.381733775138855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32058799266815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2917608618736267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-engineering","display_name":"Environmental engineering","score":0.2300301194190979}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12302492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752097","display_name":"Setpoint","level":2,"score":0.9977630972862244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7380485534667969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57442070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275","display_name":"Sewage treatment","level":2,"score":0.5036095976829529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5016477108001709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.47420361638069153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.45554062724113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3888598382472992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.381733775138855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32058799266815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2917608618736267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.2300301194190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2162401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2011.2162401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227557","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C (Applications and Reviews)","issn_l":"1094-6977","issn":["1094-6977","1558-2442"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews)","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517125074","https://openalex.org/W1588460984","https://openalex.org/W1873361803","https://openalex.org/W1964571790","https://openalex.org/W1969350181","https://openalex.org/W1977526056","https://openalex.org/W2004744718","https://openalex.org/W2006913798","https://openalex.org/W2021563978","https://openalex.org/W2022010974","https://openalex.org/W2028017574","https://openalex.org/W2028393179","https://openalex.org/W2032602512","https://openalex.org/W2035260201","https://openalex.org/W2035927191","https://openalex.org/W2052164250","https://openalex.org/W2055286309","https://openalex.org/W2062859931","https://openalex.org/W2086097406","https://openalex.org/W2096018174","https://openalex.org/W2098432798","https://openalex.org/W2099618002","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2116148009","https://openalex.org/W2116608269","https://openalex.org/W2751548232","https://openalex.org/W4214717370"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994800039","https://openalex.org/W92618256","https://openalex.org/W2546889014","https://openalex.org/W1577794277","https://openalex.org/W1588638780","https://openalex.org/W2064796971","https://openalex.org/W2112578702","https://openalex.org/W2158875905","https://openalex.org/W1973102996","https://openalex.org/W2378466538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,58],"aim":[1],"of":[2,9,16,34,55,64],"this":[3,68],"paper":[4],"is":[5,45,62,147],"to":[6,80,143,149,157,161],"face":[7],"one":[8,63],"the":[10,14,24,53,56,84,106,117,127,136],"main":[11],"problems":[12],"in":[13],"control":[15,25,162],"wastewater":[17],"treatment":[18],"plants":[19],"(WWTPs).":[20],"It":[21],"appears":[22],"that":[23,42,47,77,105,138,145,152],"system":[26],"does":[27],"not":[28],"respond":[29],"as":[30],"it":[31,44,146],"should":[32],"because":[33],"changes":[35],"on":[36],"influent":[37],"load":[38],"or":[39],"flow.":[40],"In":[41,67],"case,":[43],"required":[46],"a":[48,72,163],"plant":[49],"operator":[50],"tunes":[51],"up":[52,83],"parameters":[54],"plant.":[57],"dissolved":[59],"oxygen":[60,85],"setpoint":[61,86],"those":[65],"parameters.":[66],"paper,":[69],"we":[70,91,103],"present":[71],"model-free":[73],"reinforcement":[74],"learning":[75],"agent":[76,107,120],"autonomously":[78,155],"learns":[79,108],"actively":[81,153],"tune":[82],"by":[87,110],"itself.":[88],"By":[89,99],"active,":[90],"mean":[92,104],"continuous,":[93],"minute":[94],"after":[95],"minute,":[96],"tuning":[97],"up.":[98],"autonomous":[100],"and":[101,135,154],"adaptive,":[102],"just":[109],"itself":[111],"from":[112,126],"its":[113],"direct":[114],"interaction":[115],"with":[116,124],"WWTP.":[118,164],"This":[119],"has":[121],"been":[122],"tested":[123],"data":[125],"well-known":[128],"public":[129],"benchamark":[130],"simulation":[131],"model":[132],"no.":[133],"1,":[134],"results":[137],"are":[139],"obtained":[140],"allow":[141],"us":[142],"conclude":[144],"possible":[148],"build":[150],"agents":[151],"adapt":[156],"each":[158],"new":[159],"scenario":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}